Pilot Fatigue and its role in Aviation Safety Essay

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to observe the growing concern of voyage daunt and the role it plays in atmosphere safety. A brief assessment of the effects and possible root to this problem go forth be carried out. A mention of somewhat of the misfortunes from the past will overly find its place in this paper.Introduction Aviation industry is on a growing spree and in the meters to come in that location atomic number 18 going to be more than and more airlines filling the sky. As we move steps further towards globalization we are going to charter this service more frequently which further increases the pressure on our airlines. To take with this situation, especi entirelyy when the availability of trained controls is less(prenominal) than compulsory, the pi divvy ups are forced to go away more frequently and for longer mos. This causes physical as well as mental stress to buildup as a result of which the efficiency of sails decreases. This non-pathologic enounce resulting in physical and mental stress is known as bore.Human body is of all time in need of rest, especially in the form of stay, after regular intervals of condemnation. Any lack in the required rest causes drop to be developed in ones body. Due to wear thin in that respect can be a jot of sleeplessness, tiredness or exhaustion in a individual. This feeling if legal during course hours can be really unsafe non that for the pilot but in addition for the lives of the passengers traveling with him and can cause accidents. The barely solution to this problem that has been known so far and will forever be known in the times to come is competent aggregate of sleep. This unfortunately is what the pilots are not runting these days and are not expected to get at least in the near future. The findings from the past expect shown that wear upon was responsible for a large number of aviation accidents. According to a study carried out by the National transferee Safety Board (NTSB) of flying accidents related to escapism clump in US from 1978 to 1990, one of the findings related the accidents to fatigue by stating that Half the headmasters for whom entropy were available had been awake for more than 12 hours prior to their accidents. Half the first-year officers had been awake for more than 11 hours. Crews comprising captains and first officers whose time since awake was broad(prenominal)er up the median for their lot position made more errors overall, and significantly more procedural and tactical decision errors. (Strauss, n.d.). tranquillity and Sleep release It is inhering for a human body to get the required pith of sleep. Sleep is considered to be an essential ingredient of our life without which it is not possible to survive. Whenever a person does not get enough sleep a bless is sent by brain to the body which results in Sleepiness. Eyelids start to get heavier and there is fatigue in the whole body. A person starts to issue concentration and may even go to sleep while he is on a job. If there is a deficiency in quiescency hours of a person and suppose every day a person looses 1 hour of sleep known as Sleep Loss, then it goes on accumulating over days and results in what is known as Sleep Debt.This debt if not cleared can cause serious problems last resulting in fatigue. It has been found in researches that before flying a canvass it is necessary to have sufficient marrow of sleep (about 8 hours) for the pilots. If they are allowed to fly continuously without getting the required core of rest (or dormancy hours) in between their flying schedules, then fatigue is most potential to develop in them resulting in, loss of concentration, memory and spryness, slow reaction time, decrease decision power, and bad mood. All these factors are basic ingredients of making mistakes and consequently causing accidents.Crew rest jade starts to build up from the time one gets out of sleep. Development of fatigu e to a fault depends on the amount of time a person was awake before the actual flight operation. rough times there are delays in flight timings imputable to several reasons ranging from weather conditions to mechanical problems. This means that a pilot has been on debt instrument for a long time before boarding in the plane.Although he may be flying the plane for the normal aloofness of time but delay in flight timing has resulted in him being involved in the activities for much longer, which also results in the pilot being fatigued. similarly there may be a deterrent example of airport congestion as a result of which a pilot cannot land and has to hover in the air for a long time or due to bad whether the plane needs to be redirected to some other(a) destination causing him to fly for longer duration than normal. These instances also cause fatigue to be developed. Overall the fact is that ample amount of rest is essentially required by the human body to follow it fit and fat igue free. A brief review of US federal Aviation Administration (FAA) flight time and rest rules for schedule interior(prenominal) commercial carriers (US Code Title 14, part 121.471) are as follows (Strauss, n.d.).Crewmember positive flying time maximum of1000 hours in any calendar year.100 hours in any calendar month.30 hours in any 7 consecutive days.8 hours between required rest periods. informality for scheduled flight during the 24 hours preceding the completion of any flight segment9 consecutive of hours rest for less than 8 hours scheduled flight time.10 hours rest for 8 hours or more, but less than 9 hours scheduled flight time.11 hours rest for 9 hours or more scheduled flight time.Diet and nutrition People all over the world use coffee as a stimulus to remain awake for longer periods of time. Same is the case with pilots. To remain alert they normally consume coffee. The problem with coffee is that although it keeps a person alert, it cannot maintain body from getti ng tired and thus fatigued. The body still is in working condition for all these hours and hence the effect of coffee is impermanent alertness and not a solution to fatigue. Also coffee is diuretic which means that it discharges more fluids than what it takes in and hence results in dehydration which is a cause of fatigue. It is always good to keep your body fit by exercising but there should be a sufficient amount of rest and consumption of water followed by it as exercises cause a lot of dehydration.However dehydration can also be caused by the fact that inside the cockpit humidity is very. There is always a equilibrise diet recommended for not exactly pilots but everyone. A pilot should always ensure a healthy diet which provides sufficient energy as well as nutrients for his body. Hypoglycemia, which is caused by low blood sugar levels, is a major cause of feeling sleepiness. A healthy diet ensures sufficient levels of blood sugar and thus energy, preventing hypoglycemia. Fi nally, alcohol is known to disrupt sleep dramatically and therefore contributes to the poor quantity and quality of sleep obtained on trip nights. Alternative approaches to the use of alcohol to unwind after duty and promote sleep should be identified and offered (e.g., relaxation skills) (Rosekind, 1994).Other causes of fatigue One of the most important factors of causing fatigue, other than sleep debt, is the flight deck environment. Inside the deck there are a lot of factors contributing to fatigue such as lesser availability of space, revolution in air flow, low atmospheric pressure, low humidity and nominal head of a lot of noise and vibration. Also in modern aircrafts a number of additional features and systems have been incorporated which means that the pilots have to hide multiple systems resulting in more stress. register of incidentsThere have been incidents in the past where fatigue has proved to not only be dangerous but also fatal. A legend in aviation refers to an i ncident when a pilot went to sleep with his autopilot on and found on waking up that the plane was 2 hours from the nearest destination with only one hour of fuel left. This may just be a story but in many cases researches have proved fatigue to be a cause of dangerous and fatal accidents. Some of the cases have been listed below-In June 1999 there was a runway accident of American Airlines Flight 1420 in which 11 people died, including the aircraft captain, and many injuries among the 145 passengers and crew aboard the flightKAL Flight 801 crashed in Guam on August 6, 1997, was mainly due to a lack of situational awareness resulting in controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). The captain prior to flying to Guam had flown from capital of South Korea to Australia, back to Seoul, to Hong Kong, and then back to Seoul again before his fateful trip to Guam, including only a few hours of rest in between.Cessna 177B Cardinal was flown by Joe Reid, pilot-in-command in which he, seven-year-ol d Jessica Dubroff and her father were killed. He suffered fatigue from the first days flight.On August 18, 1993, a Connie Kalitta DC-8 crashed on a 1/4-mile base leg to final. The flight crew had been on duty for 18 hours and flown nine, thereby experiencing sleep loss and a disruption of their circadian rhythms.On January 2, 1989, the captain of a 707 tried to trick his plane to land in Salt Lake City after breaking out of the clouds at 200 feet. He dragged his left, outboard engine on the runway, leaving a 60-foot-long groove. Within the preceding 30 hours, he had been on duty for 19 hours, and flown 13 hours. He had been off duty for to the highest degree 12 hours, but was only able to get one hour of sleep in that time (Printup, 2000).In August 1985, the crew of a Learjet killed themselves and their passenger in a failed approach to Gulkana, Alaska. One of the contributing factors was that the society would transplant the crews duty/rest requirements from FAR single out 13 5 to those of FAR Part 121, thereby disrupting their sleep patterns and inducing fatigue (Printup, 2000).CountermeasuresBased on several reports a number of countermeasures have been devised to remedy alertness to counter fatigue. Preventive measures like 3-4 hours of sleep can sterilize alertness for 12-15 hours and 10-30 minutes of sleep can do it for about 3-4 hours. Similarly it is advised to rest for 15-20 minutes after awakening and before flying.Some of other means to restore alertness are-phthisis of high protein diet and less intake of fat and high carbohydrate food.Consumption of large quantities of fluids.Use of caffeine to work against fatigue symptoms if awake for 18 hours or less.Due rotation of flight tasks and frequent conversation with other crewmembersMaintenance of temperature inside the deck to lower levels.Frequent movement of body parts and a possible walk in the cabin.Gradually shift times for sleep, meals, and exercise to adjust to a new time partition (St rauss, n.d.).ConclusionFor the safety of pilots as well as passengers the issue of pilot fatigue is of major concern. Growing number of aircrafts in the sky also means longer durations of flight for the pilots, which is a major cause of this problem. History bears the testimony to the fact that fatigue has resulted in numerous aviation accidents resulting in the loss of thousand of lives. To save more lives from getting lost there is a need to solve this problem. Allowing flexible schedules for the pilots is the only viable solution in sight at the moment. Our lives are getting busier and it would be marvelous if they become safer as well.ReferencesDawson, Drew and Reid, Kathyryn. (August 1997). Fatigue, Alcohol and Performance Impairment. Retrieved declination 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Dawson-Reid-1997.pdfDr Samuel Strauss. (n.d.). pilot burner Fatigue. Retrieved declination 1, 2007, from http//aeromedical.org/Articles/Pilot_Fatigue.htmlGoode, Jeffrey H. (27 March 2003). Are pilots at risk of accidents due to fatigue?. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Goode-2003.pdfHeath, Brad and Levin, Alan. (Nov. 8, 2007). Fatigue plays role in aviation mistakes. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1108sleepypilots1108.htmlMann, Michael B. (August 3, 1999). Statement of Michael B. Mann Deputy Associate Administrator Office of Aero-Space engineering science National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Hearing on Pilot Fatigue Before the Aviation Subcommittee of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure join States House of Representatives. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.hq.nasa.gov/office/legaff/mann8-3.htmlPrintup, Mark Brandon. (September, 2000). Guest Editorial The effects Of Fatigue On Performance And Safety. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.airlinesafety.com/editorials/PilotFatigue.htmRosekind, Mark R. (November 1994). Fatigue in Aviation. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//cf.alpa.org/internet/projects/ftdt/alpmag/FATIGUE.htmlSamel, Alexender, Wegmann, Hans Martin and Vejvoda, Martin. (1997). AIR CREW FATIGUE IN LONG-HAUL OPERATIONS. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.eurocockpit.be/media/Samel-Wegmann-Veivoda-1997.pdf