Cognitive psychology Essay

cognitive psychological science foc wonts on how a person interprets a picture or message. For example, a double figure drawing such as the top big m onenessy example below is one part of the cognitive thinking process. an former(a)(prenominal) mental exercise is the bottom-up perception of drawings and messages. Often times, the arbitrator in royal approach cases would ask the superior interpretation of the psychologist to help mitigate or aggravate the underway meter of a criminal wrongdoer. The following paragraphs beg off in detail what cognitive psychology means.1. what advice would you give a attempt to persuade her or him of the potential danger of wrongful conviction base on eye come up turn outimony as the sole or capital kind of evidence? Support your claim using cognitive psychology research.The judge should not base his sentencing only on the sole eyewitness statement. For, the judgment should be mitigated or aggravated by the professional feel of the psy chologist. It is a standard procedure for the U.S. judge to ask the rhetorical psychologist to give a mental profile of the defendant. The psychologist will then give away a profile of the psychological well organism of the person aerated in court. The psychologist then applies the theories of cognitive psychology to determine the demeanor, pathology and motivation and make his findings to the judge. The judge will then include the psychologists professional opinion increase the defendants sentence for aggravating at a lower placestandings (Burke 1).On the different hand, the judge could to a fault decrease the defendants sentence for mitigating reasons. And the psychologists findings will be used either as an aggravating or mitigating evidence. Normally, the psychologist lay nigh draw up the behavioral tendencies of the defendant by deal the other evidences on the crime scene, the statements of various witness, friends, neighbors and relatives and prior psychological f indings. The psychologist is very(prenominal) much needed in the juvenile courts be try the childs behavior is not as mature as those who argon eighteen yrs experienced and above. Generally, the juveniles commit crimes because of their psychological give riseth is not normal ( or atypical?), The psychologist can propose to the judge to transfer the child to child reclamation center for psychological rehabilitation(Barsalou 5).Likewise, the psychologist can persuade the judge to lessen the sentence in adult criminal cases. The psychologist can opine that the evokeual aversion was psychologically caused by the defendants state of encephalon at the time of the crime. He or she could piss been abnormal then. The psychologist can recommend a plea bargaining agreement with the Judge using his psychological findings in order to reduce the sentence that has been mandated by the criminal laws of the get together States( Berger 10).In addition, the psychologist can issue his opinio n to the courts regarding the reliability of the lone witness psychological profile. For, the witness may not qualify as a lone witness if the psychologist opines that witness statements were hallucinations, a big lie, or exactly made because of the witness had misinterpreted the situation as what is was not. The psychologist will then valuate the stimuli response makeup (cognitive psychology) of the offender.The psychologist can also assess the criminal offenders impulse control and potential for the individual to commit crimes. Likewise, the psychologist can opine to the judge that he defendant cannot psychologically defend himself or herself in the witness stand (Gillespie , 27). This will then be a ground to decrease the sentence of the defendant upon conviction. To reiterate, the psychologist can tell the court that the defendant was psychologically abnormal when he or she committed the crime. Thus, the judge must compulsorily use the psychologists evaluations of the defenda nts and the witnesses to plug the holes in his sentencing process.Also, the sex offenders would need the psychologists hand to help them. The psychologist would then tell the court that the sexual offenders sentence be reduced to world jailed at the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center. The psychologist would go about by stating that the defendants psychological makeup is the main cause of his continuing spree of sexual abuse cases.2. Describe what unspoken retention is. Based on Reber (1993) how is implicit influenceing and memory different from limpid learning and memory.Implicit memory states that prior experiences affect the current behavior of a person even though the person does not by design exert a single labor to ponder over his or her prior experiences. Likewise, repressed memories of the olden are equated with implicit memory. For example, improving ones subcontract performance falls under implicit memory and learning. This is the main reason why many companies prefer to hire and give higher salaries to bulk who have many years of hands on experience after part them when they apply for a job. Definitely, a carpenter that has worked in house look for the past twenty years would definitely be more delicate than a carpenter has tucked under his belt only one weeks hands on experience. Whereas, explicit memory is the sure and intentional remembranceing of a persons past experiences and informational data (French 26).A very clear example is trying to remember what todays itinerary or hectic schedule is. It would include a devil in the park with the family, a meeting with the board of directors in the company, or a customer dropping by to purchase new products. other is trying to recall the details asked for in the Civil war schoolroom test. Further, trying to recall the ATM password or the email hook log in username and password when withdrawing money from the ATM elevator cars falls under Explicit learning and memory. In short, exp licit memory and learning entails effort exertion which includes thinking about ones past experiences. It also includes talking about ones past experiences and writing them done. Further, it includes perusal ones past experiences. For, they will surely increase ones expertness on doing a specific job assignment (Esgate 15).Reber stated that implicit learning refers to the variances in the behavior of a person that is influenced by past experiences. However, the person is not aware or exerts effort to try to recall the past experiences. Reber proved his possibleness through countless experiments including probability learning. His probability experiments prove that the subjects were able to recognize or learn the variance in probabilities of recurring events without their knowing that their prior experiences in the same situation have improved their changes of choosing the next probable event. wiz Reber experiment shows that the subjects were placed in a training phase. The subje cts were told to observe 1,000 scenes at the rate of dickens scenes in one second in one experiment.The findings of this experiment shows that the subjects were able to learn what the next outcome would be in increasing accuracy as the test went on (Reder, and Schunn 46). Another Reber experiment shows that a person that solves some(prenominal) problems of the same will increase his or her speed and accuracy in work such problems due to experience. However, the subjects were not aware of that their prior acts had influenced their current speed and accuracy. This is very true in classroom math exercises (Reder, and Schunn 69). Reber encourage emphasizes that memory and learning consists of conscious (Explicit) and unconscious (Implicit) learning processes (OBrien-malone, and Maybery 38). And, Reber insists that the questionnaire index test is an explicit learning process (OBrien-malone, and Maybery 38).3. Define what cognitive psychology is about.Cognitive Psychology is that bran ch of psychology that delves into the process of how a person uses his mind to find consequences to problems, memory as well as communication. It had metamorphosed from the Gestalt school of liquid ecstasy Wertheirmer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Koffka. However, it was Jean Piaget who increased interest in Cognitive Psychology with his theory that people have different cognitive processes from infancy to old age. Naturally, he emphasized that child cognitive learning is much different from a married persons cognitive learning. Going deeper, cognitive psychology involves how the brain solves mathematical and other documentary life problems. And, the cognitive scientists believe that the problem solving cognitive process boils down to the basic stimulus and response theory. For, each stimulus gives different responses to different people (Fleck, 6).What are the main topics?History. Cognitive psychology had branched out from mainline psychology into its own specialized field in the 1 950s and 1960s as discussed in Donald Broadbents masterpiece entitled Perception and Communication in 1958. It focused on the processing of information with the incorporation of Donald Broadbents icon theory. Basically it was a study on how a person thinks and reasons as he tackles each problem or situation in authoritative life or in the classroom.Broadbent emphasized that the brain is a the key processing unit of the human being. Then, George Miller created the WordNet which is the foundation for many machine ontologies today. This was also the basis that has permeated from cognitive psychology to other palm same(p) social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology,developmental psychology. Currently, current cognitive theories are being attacked from many sides. One such side is the dynamic system proponents. Further, cognitive psychology has gathered the fruits of researches in artificial intelligence and other fields of expertise in the 1960s and the 1970s (Es gate 15).Major research areas. Currently, the study research areas of cognitive psychology are general perception, psychophysics, attention, pattern recognition, intent recognition and time sensation (Berger ).Cognitive psychologists. The list of cognitive psychologists continues to grow through the years. Some of the more famous ones are Johan Anderson, Robbie Case, Lev Vygotsksy, Alan Baddeley, Frederic Barlett, Aaron T. Beck, Donald Broadbent, Reber, Jerome Bruner, Fergus, Craik, Keneth Craik, Hermann Ebbinghaus. Albert Ellis, and Jean Piaglet (Berger, 4).What are some basic assumptions?Cognitive process involves a stimulus and the be response to such stimulus. Basically, cognitive theory states the problems in math and other real life situations can be easily accomplished with the use of algorithm. Algorithm is the set of rules that will give a specific rootage for a set of inputs. For example, one plus one (inputs) is equal to two ( the algorithm here is to count how many o nes are there). Here, the rules for cognitively solving problems are rather vague or too complex for the unbiased -minded person to comprehend. Logically, there is another way of cognitively solving problems. This is what is called in psychology circles as heuristics. In sharp contrast, heuristics shows that the rules of solving classroom and real life problems are clearly understood but the final solution varies from one situation to another.What are some of the different methods employed by cognitive psychologists?The psychologists employ several methods to deepen their study of cognitive psychology. One such method is the scientific method. Another method is to use a persons cognitive outfit in terms of belief, motivation and desire that are part of the mental processes. But, they always use subjects in their researches on how a person interprets a picture, a messages or other types of communication signals passing his or her way.