Fire Triangle Science Essay

Fire Triangle Science EssayChemistry of Fire unit 36 Forensic Fire Investigation2/3/2015Windows UserContentsFire Tetrahedron scallywag 2Primary Sources of Ignition..Page 3 indirect Sources of Ignition..Page 4Methods of ExtinctionPage 5Heat Transfer..Page 6Different Types of Fire..Page78BibliographyPage 9Reference ListPage 10Fire TetrahedronHere is a diagram of the good time tetrahedron.This diagram shows the three elements that have to be present in order for a fire to occur. Combustion only occurs when flamm adequate vapours be mixed with group O and are ignited by a spark or flame.FuelA fuel is any substance that quite a little undergo combustion such(prenominal) as forest, plastics, rubber, fabric, petrol, cooking oil, nail vanish extractr, butane, natural gases and propane. This is needed to fuel the fire. constitutional fuels contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen in varying ratios in some cases, nitrogen will be present such as wood, plastics, gasoline, alcohol and natural g ases.Inorganic fuels contain no carbon and include combustible alloys such as magnesium or sodium. oxygenOxygen is need for a fire to begin beca put on when oxygen in the air combines with inflamm equal vapours admitn off by fuels they create a crop of heat at a molecular level.HeatHeat is produced in a fire when oxygen and flammable vapours from the fuels combine, once this happens a reference book of ignition is the needed to cause it to combust.Primary Sources of IgnitionIgnition is the act or process of initiating combustion. (dictionary.reference.com, 2012).A primary source of ignition is when you expose a flammable aspiration to an open flame and causes fire directly.Here are a number of primary sources of ignitionCooking AppliancesSpace-heating AppliancesElectric Wiring, Connections or Terminations otherwise Electrical Appliances e.g. washing machines, bed warmers and televisions.CigarettesMatchesGas LightersBlow-LampsBlow TorchesWelding torchesBonfiresCandlesSecondary S ources of IgnitionA alternate source of ignition is where a flammable object is heated until its burning point. During a house fire the primary source will be ignited which will consequently cause a secondary source to ignite which will ignite the furniture. According to the Journal of Fire Sciences An important aspect of many secondary sources is that they frequently occur in areas where they use cannot easily be controlled or restricted.Examples of secondary sources of ignition areWaste paper basketsSoft toysFurnitureCurtains/blindsNewspapersCarpetMethods of ExtinctionA fire can be extinguish if any of three components in the fire triangle that cause a fire (heat, oxygen and fuel) are removed.Removal of HeatTo remove heat from a fire or cool a fire, water is most commonly used. Water has great heat absorbing properties. The water is able to extinguish a fire as it is able to absorb more heat than the fire is generating.Removal of OxygenA fire can be extinguish by removing or lim iting its oxygen supply. To do this it is known as toping or smothering. You do not need to remove all of the oxygen supply to extinguish a fire, a reduction of oxygen below 6% is sufficient enough to extinguish a fire. Examples are snuffing prohibited a lit candle, placing a lid on a chip pan fire and closing doors and windows if there is a fire in a fashion it may burn itself out.Removal of FuelAccording to Chubb.co.uk, 2014A fire will go out if deprived of its fuel supply. A fire caused by a gas leak can be extinguished by turning off the gas. If pallets are stacked in the open, rather than against a store wall, they will eventually burn out, leaving the warehouse and its contents out of danger.Heat TransferHeat can be transferred from place to place by conduction, convection and radiation. Dark matt surfaces are better at absorbing heat energy than light shiny surfaces. Heat energy can be helpless from homes in many different ways and there are ways of reducing these heat losses. (bbc.co.uk, 2014)ConductionHeat energy can move with a substances by conduction, metals are very good conductors heat, whereas non-metals and gases are poor conductors of heat. The poor conductors are called insulators. The heat energy is conducted from the hot fetch up to the cool end of an object.The electrons in a piece of metal can leave their atoms and are free to move around in the metal as free electrons. The parts of the metal that have left behind atoms become charged metal ions, the ions are packed closely together and vibrate continually. The hotter the metal the more kinetic energy the vibrations gain, this energy is then transferred from the hotter parts of the metal to the cooler parts by the free electrons. As these electrons move around in the metal they collide with ions as they go. (Bbc.co.uk, 2014)ConvectionThe particles in liquids and gases are able to move around more freely, as they are not packed together similar solids. Convection occurs when parti cles in liquids and gases with a lot of heat energy move and take the places of particles with less heat energy, this is how heat energy is transferred utilize convection.RadiationAll objects give out and take in thermal radiation which is also known as infrared radiation. The hotter an objects gets the more infrared radiation it emits.Infrared radiations is a sign of electromagnetic radiation that involves waves instead of particles unlike convection and conduction. Due to this radiation can even work through the vacuum of space. This is why we are able to rule heat of the sun even though it is 150 million km away from the earth.Different Types of Fire fireside FiresHouse fires are fires that break out within the home and there are many different causes for them such asCareless smokingLit candlesElectrically appliances getting left onArsonCooking equipmentHeating equipmentChildren playing with fire insideInadequate wiringFlammable liquidsChristmas tree decorationsA house fire co uld spread by either conduction, convection or radiation depending on which one of the above started the fire. If the fire is a small fire within the house a fire blanket or water can be used to extinguish it. If you have access to fire extinguishers a water extinguisher is good for burning paper, wood or soft furnishings, a foam extinguisher is good for an arson fire, as petrol or other fuels would probably have been used. Then a CO2 extinguisher is good for putting out fires caused by electrical appliances. If the fire has spread through most of the house and is a lot bigger, then the fire brigade would put the fire out with water. Wet chemical extinguishers were designed to extinguish fires in the kitchen involving burning oil and deep fat fryers. House fires can be prevent by being careful when using appliances, flammable liquids, candles and decorations, they could also be prevented by getting your electrics check every socio-economic class or so.WildfiresWildfires are fires t hat break out in the wilderness, the causes of them includeArsonLightningUnattended campfiresBurning of debrisCarelessly discarding of cigarettesA wildfire would generally spread by convection, as they would be in contact with an open flame which could be one of the following. A wildfire could be extinguish by a helicopter or plane throwing water over the fire from above or by the fire brigade with water, They could also be put out with leaf blowers, as this will blow the fire in the direction that it has already been meaning it has nothing else to catch fire too. Wildfires can be prevent by using fire breaks, people to comply with laws and regulations and never leave a fire unattended.Petrol FiresPetrol is a dangerous substance and it is a highly flammable liquid. The petrol gives off a vapour which can easily be set on fire if it is not handled safely. The causes of a petrol fire areArsonPetrol LeakCar CrashSpark at Petrol Station e.g. using a mobile phone, smoking.Petrol fires ar e able to spread using conduction and convection, to extinguish these types of fires a foam extinguisher, CO2 extinguisher or a powder extinguisher is best being used. As these extinguisher will place a layer of powder or foam over the fire starving it of oxygen. These can be prevent by people not smoking or using their mobile phone at a petrol station and people comply with laws and regulations.Bibliographyhttps//answers.yahoo.com/question/ business leader?qid=20110106060151AAjbfWohttp//www.chubb.co.uk/utcfs/Templates/Pages/Template-66/0,,pageId=14542siteId=403,00.htmlJournal of Fire Science Standard Flaming Ignition Sources for Upholstered Composties, Furniture and Bed Assembly Tests.http//www.readersdigest.ca/home-garden/cleaning/top-10-causes-house-firesQMoRMblOIpwYaxGA.97http//www.hse.gov.uk/fireandexplosion/petroleum.htmhttp//www.fireservice.co.uk/safety/extinguishersReference ListChubb (2014) Methods of Fire Extinction. procurable at http//www.chubb.co.uk/utcfs/Templates/Pa ges/Template-66/0,,pageId=14542siteId=403,00.html(Accessed on 11th February 2015)Dictionary.com (2012) Ignition. Available at http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/ignition(Accessed on 10th February 2015)GCSE Bitesize (2014) Heat Transfer and efficiency. Available at http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/energy/heatrev2.shtml(Accessed on 11th Febrauary 2014)K.T. Paul S.D Christian. (1987) Standard Flaming Ignition Sources for Upholstered Composties, Furniture and Bed Assembly Tests. Journal of Fire Sciences, 178 (5), pp 179(Accessed on 11th February 2015)Chemistry of FirePage 1

Islamic Economics and Secularism

Muslim scotchs and SecularismSecularism is the assertion that g overnmental practices or institutions should exist separately from religion and/or religious beliefs. In other words, blasphemous clay is based on the materialistic and privateistic views with less socio stinting justice and completely concern to the worldly matters. Mean spot, Muslim frugals is a system that identifies and promotes an economic order that conforms to Muslim scripture and traditions.Thus, the above statement of discordentiation betwixt Muslim economics and secularism by only certain(a) characteristics is untrue as some(prenominal) of them argon mutu all toldy exclusive. The Muslim economics differs from secular system non by prohibition of interest, gambling and other unjust transaction only, strange it is more than that. Islam is a way of life, and since economy is also a part of mans life, thus, the Moslem principles is soak uped and fully utilized into the economic transaction and prac tices. Therefore, the statement of Islamic economics as a discipline is nothing more than the secular system with push through interest, gambling and other unjust transactions where note value creation is of the halal kind is not valid and the justification will be discussed here.The justificationTo emphasise the dis correspondingity, the following periods underline the key difference betwixt Islam and this secular system, in particular, and other social and political systems, in general argon highlighted.The first point is, Islam differs from secularisms theories and sides in its ideological and overbearing bases. Islam is a manufacturer Message with a special conception of the universe, life and man. It basically disagrees with secular views, which have their roots in their materialistic vision that has no religious base, nor any belief in Allah. Capitalism is me affirm concepts on devoid of spectral and honorable values. The difference between it and Islam is obviously great. Islam has an all-embracing ideological and legislative make-up. In it, no barriers atomic number 18 to be found between morals, laws, worships, concepts and existence.There are signifi posteriort differences among them in terms of emphasis they place on material or unearthly goals and the exercise of moral values and government intention in ordering homophile affairs. While material goals concentrate primarily on goods and services that contri juste to visible comfort and upbeat, spiritual goals include nearness to God, peace of mind, inner happiness, h wizardsty, justice, mutual care and cooperation, family and social harmony, and the absence of crime and anomie. These whitethorn not be quantifi subject, further are, nevertheless, crucial for realizing adult male upbeat may lead to a neglect of spiritual ingredients. The greater the difference in emphasis, the greater may be the difference in the economic disciplines of these societies.Besides, in its aims and objec tives, Islam is distinguished from secularism on the basis of contents and the legal organization of life. It treats related subjects in separate ways with specific points. The last goal of Islam is to worship and seek the pleasure of Allah. In implementing the divine law and adhering to the divine order, a Muslim demonstrates he is a worshipper. His objective is to seek the wages and pleasure of Allah, the Exalted. Even in the context of economy activity, men should obey the guideline of honorable behavior so called Akhlaq which emphasizes on the real spirit of Islam over and above legal limits. Contrarily, the gentlemans gentleman objective in ceilingist society is purely a materialistic one, expressed in terms of materialistic stumble regardless of the cost and fall out on society.Even though there is a sort of analogy between Islam and other systems in certain respects, Islam has its own way and method of implementing its economic concepts and objectives. For example, Isla m believes in social justice and so it adopts just principles in diffusion and production growth. Capitalism searchs to call for similar concepts, which arsehole be seen as generally logical and which man, by no means, can shun. But in trying to develop the conceptions and implement them, we will meet the difference between Islam and secular systems in both method and way. In capitalism, freedom knows no boundaries. In theory, singulars can do what they desire to. In doing so, it believes that the non-existence of limits or restrictions results in economic freedom, in competition and the increase of production. But to achieve a suitable and satisfactory economic level is for all people, makeshift and adamantine laws have to be enforced, based upon such(prenominal) theories as the laws of wages, supply and demand etc. Un alike this, Islam adopts its own methods. It never opens the gates for single(a) selfishness to flourish like in capitalism. Islam believes in individual own ership, community ownership and state ownership, as it is expounded in the books of fiqh, traditions and in the Holy Quran. In case selfishness and urges of greed prevail, and to prevent development and economic injustice from sweeping over the community, Islam has laid down lawful and moral restrictions related to ownership, investment and consumption in defense of manipulation and deprivation.Besides, Islamic economic takes great emphasize on the grapheme of the market, families, society and government in determining a success in economy. The market is not the only institution where people interact in human society. They also interact in the family, the society, and the government, and their interaction in all these institutions is closely interrelated. There is no uncertainty that the portion of self interest does help raise efficiency in the market place. However, if self-concern is overemphasized and there are no moral restraints on individual behavior, other institution m ay not work effectively family may disintegrate, the society may be uncaring, and the government may be corrupt, partisan, and self-centered. Example if both the parents try to serve just their own self-interest and not willing to make sacrifices for the sake of proper care and upbringing of children demands, this family may disintegrate and children not get enough love from them. Lack of willingness to make such sacrifice can lead to a decline in the quality of the human excitant of all other institutions, including the market, the society and the government. It may also lead to a fall in fertility rates below the replacement level, making it baffling for the society not only to sustain its development but also its social security system.Furthermore, while secular economics generally considers the behavior, tastes and preferences of individuals as given, Islamic economics does not do so. It places great emphasis on individual and social crystalise through moral uplift. Moral up lift aims at the win over in human behavior, tastes and preferences and, thereby, it complements the price machine in promoting general well-being. Before even entering the market place and being exposed to the price filter, the consumers are expected to pass their claims through the moral filter. This will help filter out conspicuous consumption and all moulderful and unnecessary claims on re point of references. The price mechanism can then takes over and reduce the claims on resources even further to lead to the market equilibrium. The two filters can together make it contingent to have optimum economy in the use of resources, which is necessary to satisfy the material as well as spiritual take of all human beings, to reduce the concentration of riches in a few work force, and to raise savings, which are needed to promote greater investment and employment. Without complementing the market system with morally-based value judgments, we may end up perpetuating inequities in spite of our good intentions through inaction, non-choice and drifting.The other distinction that differentiate between these two is Islamic economic emphasize on the importance of the hereinafter. This is where the concepts of the innate goodness of human beings and of the Hereafter come in concepts which conventional economics ignores but on which Islam places a great cud of emphasis. Because of their innate goodness, human beings do not necessarily always try to serve their self-interest. They are also altruistic and are willing to make sacrifices for the well-being of others. In addition, the concept of the Hereafter does not confine self-interest to just this world. It rather ex disposes it beyond this world to life after death. We may be able to serve our self-interest in this world by being selfish, dishonest, uncaring, and negligent of our obligations towards our families, other human beings, animals, and the environment. However, we cannot serve our self-interest in the Hereafter except by fulfilling all these obligations. This serves to provide a motivating mechanism for sacrifice for the well-being of others that conventional economics fails to provide. The innate goodness of human beings along with the long-run place given to self-interest has the potential of inducing a person to be not only efficient but also equitable and caring.Therefore, as a guideline, Shariah is designed as a set of rules and regulations that aims of protecting public interest and the welfare of the people in this life and hereafter. The objective of the Shariah is to promote the well-being of all mankind, which lies in safeguarding their confidence (din), their human self (nafs), their intellect (aql), their posterity (nasl) and their wealth (mal). Whatever ensures the safeguard of these five serves public interest and is desirable. The guideline of Islamic economics is in the discipline of muamalat, which presents a theoretical account for conduct in the civil arena. It deals in part with economic functions in an Islamic society but not comprehensively with factors impacting upon economic behavior since it is concerned solely with legal relationships between members of the society. In fact, the goals of the Islamic economics include fulfillment of the basic unavoidably for food, clothing, shelter, medical care and education for all humans, ensuring satisfactoryity of opportunity to all preventing concentration of wealth and reducing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth so as, among other things, wealth does not become a means of domination of man by man, ensuring to all the freedom to pursue moral excellence, and ensuring stability and economic growth to an extent necessary for realization of the above-mentioned goals.ConclusionIslam is a way of life. Being a Muslim means one will absorb the whole philosophies of Islam in allthing he does in life. So do economics. The difference between Islamic economics compared to secular id eology is not just on prohibition of interest, gambling and other unjust transactions where value creation is of the halal kind. The unique principles that make Islamic economics differs lies on its ideological and doctrinal bases, the, basis of contents and the legal organization of life, the way Islam implements its economic concepts and objectives, the emphasize on the role of the market, families, society and government, the value on individual and social reform through moral uplift, and the importance of the Hereafter. scruple No. (2)IntroductionWorldview can be defines as a set of implicit or explicit assumptions active the origin of the universe and the nature of human life. Meanwhile, from Islamic point of view, worldview is a metaphysical survey of visible as well as the invisible worlds including the perspective of life as a whole, is not a worldview that is formed merely by the gathering together of various cultural objects, values and phenomena into artificial coherence , or can be considered as vision of reality and truth. Islamic worldview is in fact a dual worldview, this world of action and accountability for the actions in the next, while the secular worldview is focusing on worldly rather than spiritual.The core elements of Islamic and Secular worldviews A comparison.There are a few similarities between Islamic and Secular worldview in general, even though there will be differences if we look in depth. Both are concern on the apportionment and distribution of resources and both emphasize the fulfillment of material needs, even though in Islamic economics there is an equal emphasis on the fulfillment of spiritual needs. Besides, both recognize the important role of market mechanism in the allocation and distribution of resources, but in addition, Islamic economics argues that the market may not by itself be able to fulfill even the material needs of all human beings. This is because it can promote excessive use of scarce resources by the rich at the expense of the piteous if there is undue emphasis on the serving of self-interest.Instead of some similarities, there are a lot of differences between these two worldviews, and we will be discussing through it here.Firstly, the secular and materialist worldviews attach maximum importance to the material aspect of human well-being and tend generally to ignore the importance of the spiritual aspect. In contrast with this, Islamic worldviews give attention to both the material as well as the spiritual aspects of human well-being. Islam sees both these aspects material and spiritual of human existence as unitary wherein the material and the moral considerations as well as the here (Now) and Hereafter of human life are inextricably entangled.Apart from that, the secular worldview looks at happenings in the world from a rationalistic viewpoint, while excludes religious or ethical considerations. It promotes pursuit of self-interest as guiding human behavior and saw no conflict between individual and social interests. Besides, it makes a distinction between reason and revelation as the source of knowledge. It considers reason alone as its source, including economics. The secular worldview is conditioned by science alone i.e. any subject that goes beyond the limits of human reason is not acceptable. Furthermore, and more fundamentally, the secular man-made worldview can change interminablely at the discretion of man as his external stimuli and billet change.However, Islamic view does not necessarily reject the role of reason in human development. They, however, recognize the limitations of reason and wish to complement it by revelation. Islamic worldview is based on the Quran and the Sunnah it is has a moral code of conduct. It grants freedom of action within the Shariah boundaries. It also emphasizes on justice and succour as well as gives priority to social interest if it is in clash with individual interest. Islam invites people to observe and think but within the framework of Shariah. Thus, the Shariah, although flexible in certain areas is not replaceable and therefore, cannot be influenced by any human whim, while, at the same time it promotes change and aims to influence human intentions, conduct and behavior towards the Straight Path. In addition, the Islamic worldview values reason as a source of knowledge, but in addition it assigns a role to sapience and revelation as inalienable sources. It is not a product of human thought resulting from any scientific inquiry it is a divine electric charge leading to a unique way of life. It links the life in this world with life in the Hereafter. Thus, the Islamic worldview, although it respects the rational mind, is not contain to the limits of human reason or to observable scientific investigations (reality) it contemplates both, the observables and the non- observables. In other words, material science is the ultimate word under the Secular worldview, whereas under the Islamic worldview it is not.Furthermore, secularism often argue that maximum material well-being can be best realized if individuals are given unhindered freedom to pursue their self-interest and to maximize their want satisfaction in writeing with their own tastes and preferences. In their extreme form they do not recognize any role for Divine guidance in human life and place full trust in the ability of human beings to chalk out a proper strategy with the help of their reason. In such a worldview there is little role for values or government intervention in the efficient and equitable allocation and distribution of resources. When asked about how social interest would be served when everyone has unlimited freedom to pursue his/her self-interest, the reply is that market forces will themselves ensure this because competition will keep self-interest under check. Differently, for Islamic worldview, they do not totally reject the need for individual freedom or the role that the serving of self-interest can play in human development They, however, emphasize that both freedom and the pursuit of self-interest need to be toned down by moral values and good governance to ensure that everyones well-being is realized and that social harmony and family integrity are not hurt in the process of everyone serving his/her self-interest.Looking from the economic point of view, the secular economics claims to be value free, which in fact it is not because not to have a value is itself a value. Conversely, Islamic economics has moral and ethical values of which it cannot brook any violation.In Islam freedom to choose values is restricted, yet it had already been properly align in the Holy Quran and the prophets Sunnah. While pursuit of self-interest is the invisible hand that regulates economies in secular economy, Islamic economists well-nighly reject this view out of hand and equate it with selfishness. This does not seem valid. Islam approves the pursuit of self-interest because it is instinctive with human beings. Muslims perform their religious obligations in their own interest. It need not equal selfishness, especially if Shariah norms were observed. In addition, secular economist claimed that if available resources are scarce they must avoid waste and maximize production. As a consumer they should attempt to derive maximum satisfaction from their limited incomes. Islam is not opposed to maximization per se. however, maximization is value-neutral what is maximized, how and to serve what ends are the deciding factors.While the profit maximization is the main(prenominal) intention in doing business in secular economy, Islam is aiming towards primacy of justice and social welfare. Besides, while conventional or secular economics generally considers the behavior and tastes and preferences of individuals as given, Islamic economics does not do so. It places great emphasis on individual and social reform through moral uplift. Moral uplift aims at the change in human behavior, tastes and preferences and, thereby, it complements the price mechanism in promoting general well-being.ConclusionIn sum, the concept of worldview that guides and regulates an economy is visionary, contextual, and flexible within limits. The basic differences between the secular (capitalistic) and the Islamic economic worldviews center on the issues concerning the foundation and ideology in the system, reason-revelation interface, the sort of values entertained and promoted, as well as how it differ in economic contextual.Question No. (3)OverviewThe economic problem is one of the fundamental economic theories in the operation of any economy. It asserts that there is scarcity, or there are finite resources available that are insufficient to satisfy all human wants. The problem then becomes how to hold what is to be produced and how the factors of production (such as capital and labor) are to be allocated. In short, the economic problem is the choice one must make, arising out of limited means and unlimited wants.The economic problem is most simply explained by the question how do we satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources? The premise of the economic problem model is that human wants are constant and infinite due to constantly changing demands (often closely related to changing demographics) of the population. However, resources in the world to satisfy human wants are always limited to the amount of graphic or human resources available. The economic problem, and methods to curb it, revolves around the idea of choice in prioritizing which wants can be fulfilled.Concepts of Economic problemsThere are three concepts that associated with the economic problems discussed above (1) needs, (2) wants, and (3) choice. Human needs are material items that people need for survival, such as food, clothing and some form of housing. In Islamic point of view, needs comprehend five foundations, namely (a) Religion, (b) Physical self, (c) Intellect or Knowledge, (d) Offspring, and (e) Wealth. Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the worlds population struggled for access to basic human needsWhile the basic needs of human survival are important in the function of the economy, human wants are the driving force which stimulates demand for goods and services. In order to curb the economic problem, economists must classify the nature and different wants of consumers, as well as prioritize wants and organize production to satisfy as many wants as possible.One assumption often made in mainstream neoclassical economics is that humans inherently pursue their self-interest and the market mechanism best satisfies the various wants different individuals might have. These wants are often classified into individual wants, which depend on the individuals preferences and purchasing power parity, and collective wants, those of entire groups of people. Things such as food and clothing can be classified as either wants or needs, d epending on what type and how often a good is asked for. Wants are effective desires for a particular product, or something which can only be obtained by working for it.The economic problem fundamentally revolves around the idea of choice, which ultimately must answer the problem. Due to the limited resources available, businesses must determine what to produce first to satisfy demand. Consumers are considered the biggest influences of this choice, and the goods which they want must also fit within their budgets and purchasing power parity.Solving the economic problems from Islamic perspective.The first point is about the concept of ownership of wealth in Islam. It states that all wealth belongs to God, and human beings hold them as trustees of God. It is up to the individual to decide how much of this excess he should give back for the cause of God. In other word, after earning wealth through fair and lawful means, one should satisfying their personal genuine and legitimate needs in a moderate and prudent way. After doing so, they should slip away it for the cause of Allah example is for the welfare of the poor and less fortunate people. Besides, pay of zakat that is obliged to each Muslim gives the same function here. Thus, helping others in such ways would at least fulfill the basic human needs our first economic problem discussed above.Furthermore, because of Islam differentiates between the basic needs and luxuries, thus, there exists no concept of relative scarcity of resources in Islam. The resources available on earth are sufficient to secure the basic needs (food, clothing and shelter) of fifty zillion human beings. Such a misunderstanding has concealed the reality that starvation, scantiness, and economic backwardness, result from misdistribution exasperated by man-made laws and systems. Proper distribution of resources will be sufficient enough to satisfy the basic needs of human, yet, Islam teach the followers to be grateful on what he has or own.In Islam, public tax revenue from oil and natural resources would be used to secure the needs of the whole Muslim ummah. The Khilafah would provide public and vital resources without charge to cover the needs of every individual and family, and monopolies that multinational corporations maintain to dictate the lives of the people would dissipate.Its contribution in developing the Islamic societiesImplementing those principles discussed above can contribute in development of Islamic societies, as well as for the nation as a whole. When every Muslims contribute with the intention to help others, let say the contribution is gathered by the state, thus, with sufficient funds, the state would be able to provide for basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, education and healthcare to every citizen at a apt standard. The state would also discharge all of its duties of state welfare and would set up all big projects for economic development. Indirectly, it would prov ide employment to all those who are jobless.Besides, the state can performs such welfare activities like maintains social services, wages Jihad against the foreign aggression, maintains facilities like railways, road, waterways, bridges, as well as provides protection to the individual in respect of his life, honour and property. So whatever remains with a person after satisfaction of his needs in a moderate way, he would hand over this surplus to the state.Furthermore, because of Islam differentiates between the basic needs and luxuries, thus, teach the Muslim to fulfill the basic needs, and in the same time, must moderate in luxuries. Wealth is a test by God, and Muslims should strive to pass this test by not becoming worshipers of hoarded wealth. By passing this test, will increase ones faith and godliness.In addition, the affectivity with which the Islamic economic systems correctly defines economic problem and secures the needs of every individual, and eliminates all forms of e conomic and social corruption, would enable fuel for Islamic indemnity of the state that would enable the Khilafah to easily spread Islam ideologically throughout the world.ConclusionThe economic problems that basically arise from scarcity are faced by all humans in this world. Human, by his nature, always has unlimited wants, yet own limited resources to fulfill his needs and wants. Choices must be made in accord to his own preferences and priorities. However, Islam, as a unique religion, found some ways to control, if not totally solve this economic problems by its principles and guidelines to be practiced by Muslims as a way of life. Cooperation and implementation by the governing bodies such as state can help in the development of Islamic societies.Question No. ( 5 )What is poverty?Generally, poverty can be defined through two distinct concepts the absolute and the relative poverty concepts. The absolute poverty is usually associated with some income level required to sustain a minimum standard of living. That income level, defined as poverty line income is often used to determine whether an individual is poor or other than. The individual is considered poor if his income is below poverty line income. Meanwhile, the relative poverty concept is associated with the existence of an income gap between the poor and the non-poor. As long as there is a difference in income levels of any two individuals or groups, those with a lower income are considered poor.However, in Islamic point of view, one is considered poor if he does not possess sufficient necessities to fulfill his basic needs in each of the five foundations for good individual and social life, namely (a) Religion, (b) Physical self, (c) Intellect or Knowledge, (d) Offspring, and (e) Wealth. All the five foundations or needs must be fulfilled, and if only one of the needs is not fulfilled, then one is still considered poor.In addition, poverty is also associated with the concept of nisab, which is one of the two prerequisites for a Muslim to pay the zakah. Using Below scantness Line (BPL), this method functions as the basis of ownership of nisab, which limit makes one eligible for the payment of zakat. Anyone with wealth on or over the nisab is responsible for the payment of zakat. Thus, for those who wealth is below nisab are zakat recipients and they are treated as poor.Causes of Poverty.Several causes that may lead to poverty are considered, as followsExploitation of Economy Economic exploitation can be defined as the act of using another persons labor without offering them an adequate compensation. Thus, when the compensation received is inadequate to attendant life, one is unable to fulfill one or more of basic needs, and this can lead to poverty.Political Poverty can happen when one major party, usually politician or region that have authority or power on decision-making through out the country that often causes development problems. For example, in these situations po liticians make decisions about places that they are unfamiliar with, or lacking sufficient knowledge about the context to design effective and appropriate policies and programs, leads to political instability. affair/Riba/Corruption Unreasonable rate of interest due to loan made can burden borrower. Example is when International Monetary Fund (IMF) donors keep the throw rates in their favor, it often means that the poor nations remain poor, or get even poorer. Meanwhile, corruption inhibits development when leaders help themselves to money that would otherwise be used for development projects. As a result, poverty can exists when people lives in scarcity due to not getting development that supposedly enjoyed by them.Warfare The material and human destruction that caused by warfare is a major development problem. Drop in average income due to affect in the well-being of the average Iraqi citizen in the aftermath of the war, leads to damages to the infrastructure and social servic es, such as health care and access to reasonably water.Agricultural Cycles People who rely on fruits and vegetables that they produce for household food consumption (subsistence farmers) often go through cycles of relative abundance and scarcity. For many families that rely on subsistence production for survival, the period immediately prior to harvest is a hungry period. During these periods of scarcity, many families lack sufficient resources to meet their minimal nutritional needs. inherent Disasters Immediate destruction caused by natural events such as hurricanes, droughts, earthquake, flooding as well as environmental forces often cause acute periods of crisis by destroying crops and animals. Thus, people may loss their homes and properties, and lack of resources even to fulfill their basic needs of living. Developing countries often much more suffer at the hands of natural disasters, because limited resources inhibit the construction of adequate housing, infrastructure, an d mechanisms for responding to crises.Prohibited industries Prohibition industries such as gambling, alcohol and tobacco can encourage one to waste their money for these unlawful activities. Worsen situation, one may borrow money in order to satisfy this bad habits, and this can lead to poverty.Role of Citizen in Alleviating Poverty from Islamic Perspective.Being Muslim every citizen has some responsibilities Muslims in the world are some of the richest. If this wealth is used as per the direction of Allah we can alleviate poverty. Islam as system and way of life is based on collective responsibility of society, ethics and principles. Ifwe follow it we will be able convey the poverty from the society. Some of the citizens roles in alleviating poverty are as follows1. Zakah- Zakah is the fourth of five columns of Islam and hence is obligatory on every Muslim, who fulfills the stipulated conditions, to pay. Being a pillar of Islam, it has to be paid and collected whether the destit ute and the poor exist in society or not. As such it is indeed a permanent source of revenue for the alleviation of the destitute and the poor.2. Sadaqa Sadaqat is a very wide term and is used in the Quran to cover all kinds of charity. It is as simplest as when one gives smile, acts of loving kindness, utters a kindly word to others or even greeting

Compare and contrast what the poems My Last Duchess and The Laboratory :: English Literature

Compare and contrast what the poems My stretch forth Duchess and The laboratory are saying about human relationships.Compare and contrast what the poems My Last Duchess and TheLaboratory are saying about human relationships and how the poetmakes the poems interesting.The laboratory is about a woman wanting to poison/ kill her rivals soshe can be the kings mistress. My Last Duchess is about a mandescribing his ending Duchess, and how the painter flirted with her, hedescribes her features that show the painter was flirting with her.Both The Laboratory and My Last Duchess are of anger andresentment, in The Laboratory it is the discarded mistress who isjealous about other women flirting and dancing with the King, and inMy Last Duchess it is of the Duke, and he is showing dis-pleasure inthe way the his last Duchess conducted herself with other men.The quotes that back these up are, In the Laboratory.Soon at the Kings, a mere lozenge to giveAnd Pauline should have just 30 minutesto liv eBut to light a pastille, and Elise, with herhead,And her breast and her arms and her handsshould drop deadand in My Last Duchess it was Too easily strike she likewhateer.The writer in the poems are trying to say relationships break down forone reason or another, in these cases its infidelity, one personcasting off someone for others, and in The Laboratory she isfascinated with the process of how the alchemist makes the poisons,she thinks the poisons are beautiful, but they are very deadly, she exercises beautiful words to make the poisons reckon beautiful e.g. And yonder soft phial, the exquisite blue,sure to taste sweet,- is that poison too.She wants the poisons to be quick and effective, and if they suffer itwould be a bonus.The poets wrote them this way because they are ballade, and use rhymeand rhythm almost as if telling a story, the poets use alliterationwhich is the poison to poison her prithee and onomatopoeia Grind,Mash, Pound and in My Last Duchess he uses similes lo ok as if she

Exploring Shakespeares Presentation of the Theme of Power in The Tempe

Exploring Shakespeares Presentation of the Theme of Power in The Tempest In The Tempest, power manifests itself in many contrastive forms. collar of the chief(prenominal) types of power that Shakespeare explores are the power of love, the power of magic and illusion and the power of a master over his slave. He presents these forms of power in a number of ways. In The Tempest Prospero appears to hold the majority of the power. He maintains his control over other characters in various ways, for example he uses the power of love to exploit his daughter Miranda. Miranda is devoted to her father, and Prospero uses guilt to maintain this. In their first conversation, Prospero?s power over Miranda becomes apparent. She says ?Alack, what trouble/Was I then to you? and it is clear that because of the guilt she feels, she lead be willing to do anything for him. It is evident that Miranda is aware of how powerful Prospero is, as she says ?Had I been any god of power, I would/ Have sunk the sea inside the earth?. This indicates that she understands the extent of Prospero?s power, and that if she had possessed the same amount of power, she would use it differently to her father. Prospero is manipulative, appearing self-pitying by saying ?When I have decked the sea with drops effective salt/ Under my burthen groaned? but also egotistical, saying, ?Have I, thy schoolmaster, made thee more profit/ Than other princesses can? to which Miranda responds ?Heaven thank you for?t? Although he tries to cause Miranda to feel sympathy towards him in order to keep control of her, he also wants her to admire him. Although he also has power over Miranda usi... ...serves in offices/ That profit us?. Prospero needs Ariel and Caliban in order to have power, and so throughout ?The Tempest?, contrary to our beliefs at the beginning of the play, we begin to see that the main protagonist of power within ?The Tempest? is not, i n fact, Prospero. Shakespeare presents many kinds of power in ?The Tempest?. He demonstrates the control that Prospero has over Miranda using love, and also different kinds of power between master and slave. Sometimes the master and slave power is subverted, such as at the beginning of the play, when the boatswain takes control. Shakespeare also presents a transport in the balance of Prospero?s power. The main reason Prospero has so much power is due to his magic, however at the end of the play he sacrifices his powers and sets clear his slaves, Ariel and Caliban.

Justice in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

The Question of Justice in Macbeth       In the play Macbeth, many different major choices are brought forth to a certain character and the last that is chosen affects the entire play. The results of these actions or decisions can be a irresponsible or negative outcome towards the character. Does justice always prevail in the play Macbeth? If a character decides to commit a crime, will he/she be punished? If a character does a noble deed, will he/she be rewarded? As is represented in the play Macbeth, justice always prevails ascribable to the guilty characters developing sense of remorse and/or the character receiving fair punishment. For every action there is a reaction and whatever the result is, it is meant to break and it is just.   The first malevolent decision chosen by Lady Macbeth and her husband Macbeth was to kill exponent Duncan. The death of Duncan would mean the birth of a new Macbeth, King Macbeth. Lady Macbeth decided to have her husb and kill Duncan and said in Act I scene 5, He croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan. (p.33) This quote says how the strawman of Duncan would turn fatal once Macbeth kills him. Once Duncan is killed, Macbeth has second thoughts about the murder of Duncan and his conscience starts to kick in. His wife then puts his conscience at ease. The wife was cosmos basal by persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan and trying to soften the blow of Duncans death by reassuring her husband that everything was going to be all right. Macbeth was being immoral by actually killing King Duncan. Macbeth is already starting to feel guilty, but Lady Macbeth seems not to be affected, as of now.   The second malicious decision chosen by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth was to have Banquo and his sons killed. This would cancel out the possibility of Banquos sons becoming kings. In Act III scene 1, Macbeth states that Banquo and his sons would be murdered by saying, Banquo, thy souls flight, if it find heave n, must find it out tonight. (p.91) The consequence of the decision to kill Banquo and his sons started when Macbeth felt more guilt and developed a worried conscience in the form of a vision of Banquos ghost.

I Am a Humanist :: Personal Narrative Essays

I Am a HumanistOne sunshine afternoon, under the warm, unrelenting gaze of the sun, a revelation interrupted my usual observations of the psychological flux seemingly inherent in all family relationships. Since the fact which I had noticed seemed relevant to the conversation, I saw no harm in prodding out the truth by a simple description, My sister is whiz also. Of course I meant it partially in jest, since she had made no such rebellious declarations. A few inconsequential discussions had made me consider stating her liberalism valid, and I took tho a small step further by calling her an equal. Some would call such a leap flattering, but my mother thought the statement horrendous. You may hold your own beliefs, but shes just a little girl How could you? The exact wording, time, and place be not important -- the tone of bigotry and look that made me want to proclaim,Yes, Im cold-hearted are what have stayed with me. Such a response was justified by society -- and, as I have been repeatedly informed, extremely calm by almost any comparison. I was not referring to political alignment, but something far more serious and controversial. The group I had unjustly compared her to was the outcast of societys philosophy I had called her a cold-hearted atheist. There are many good reasons for such anti religious intolerance in a accessible structure worried about the individual. How can godless ones be comforted -- in life and death? My mom, with good reason, was worried about my sisters soul on Earth she would face a lifetime not knowing about a universal and unconditional love and her status in the afterlife was too scary to contemplate. Such a view was undoubtedly skewed by parental concern which concentrated on the child and not the world at large. Society, regardless of rigidity, is built upon moral rules that distinguish participants from simple feuding creatures. Most problems arise from the fact that the citizens of these advanced moral institutions find breaking the rules to be beneficial -- and are sometimes unable to resist the temptation. It is rather judicially expedient to proclaim Gods judgment in all sentences and refer crimes to the afterlife. Both solutions require a believe population.

High School Athletes Should Not Turn Pro Essay -- Professional Sports

advanced School Athletes Should Not Turn masterLebron James and Freddy Adu argon both young athletes and with millions in their pockets with a countless crook of endorsement contracts. Whether it is high school athletes skipping college and discontinuing the development of their education for millions of dollars, or teenagers sign contracts with businesses for massive amounts of money, youth sports programs are changing rapidly. However, American high school athletes are not financially, physically, or mentally prepared to tackle and endure the pressures of passkey person sports. Society today allows fourteen to eighteen-year-old athletes to make millions of dollars and eventually become stars. From Lebron James, signing with Nike for ninety million dollars before even stepping on the court, to Freddy Adu, signing with Major unify Soccer to be the youngest professional to ever sign a contract in United States history, teenagers of today are changing. Freddy Adu is the youngest gamboler on a major league team since Fred Chapman was fourteen years old and played baseball for Philadelphia in 1887. Adu, born in Ghana, signed with the MLS to play for D.C. United in 2003. He and his family moved to Potomac, Maryland in 1997 and he eventually became a United States citizen in 2002. He signed with Nike for one million dollars in 2000, becoming the youngest professional to sign an endorsement deal with Nike. Greg Couch, a writer for the Sun measures states, ? ar we ready for this? Because if Freddy Adu makes it big, then the battle to save little things like pleasure and imagination in youth sports is gone.? He is absolutely right. What happened to the main reason to play sports- have romp? These young children won?t understand fun after being demanded, day in and day out, from the most rigorous coaches to practice to a level they have not been exposed to yet. They haven?t been exposed to that level because they skipped the most important part of their life and career, and that is college. In old cases, there?s one athlete that comes along and is very special. Sappenfield of The Christian apprehension Monitor says, ?In some instances, they are truly unique athletes. In others, they are simply the products of a new and hyper-competitive youth-sports system, lured to big-time athletics by adult advice and the prospect of outlandish wealth and rock star glory? (Sappenfield 1). Ki... ...n education and should descend one before stepping out into the real world and being propel into an atmosphere of fame, glory, and money. An atmosphere a teenager is not ready for. Works CitedBae, Isamu. High School Athletes Should Go To College, Not The professional Level. 1 June 2004. Silver Chips Online. 22 April 2005 .Carter, A. CinQue. Athletes Should Stay In School Before Relying On False Dreams. 29 Oct 1998. passing(a) Bruin. 22 April 2005 .Couch, Greg. And The No. 1 Reason Not To Turn Pro At 14?. 20 Nov. 2003. Chicago Sun-Times. 10 Apr. 2005 .Keller, Mandy. Bylaw Article 12 Amateurism. July 2003. The home(a) Collegiate Athletic Association. 9 Apr. 2005 .Ryan, Joan. Little Girls in Pretty Boxes. new York. Warner Books. 1 Aug 2000. Sappenfield, Mark. Young, Gifted, and Rich- Behind the Sudden Rise of Teen Sports Superstars. 1 Dec. 2003. The Christian Science Monitor. 9 Apr. 2005 .Satterfield, Kathryn R. Ready For The Big League. Vol. 9 No. 8. 7 Nov. 2003. Time For Kids. 9 Apr. 2005 .Going Pro Early. A Game-Official Website of Smart Athletics. 9 Apr. 2005 .Head to Head. 9 Apr. 2005 .Your Take Freddy Adu. 20 Nov. 2003. ESPN Soccernet. 10 Apr. 2005 . High School Athletes Should Not Turn Pro Essay -- Professional Sports High School Athletes Should Not Turn ProLebron James and Freddy Adu are both young athletes and with millions in their pockets with a countless number of endorsement contracts. Whether it is high school athletes skipping college and discontinuing the development of their education for millio ns of dollars, or teenagers signing contracts with businesses for massive amounts of money, youth sports programs are changing rapidly. However, American high school athletes are not financially, physically, or mentally prepared to tackle and endure the pressures of professional sports. Society today allows fourteen to eighteen-year-old athletes to make millions of dollars and eventually become stars. From Lebron James, signing with Nike for ninety million dollars before even stepping on the court, to Freddy Adu, signing with Major League Soccer to be the youngest professional to ever sign a contract in United States history, teenagers of today are changing. Freddy Adu is the youngest player on a major league team since Fred Chapman was fourteen years old and played baseball for Philadelphia in 1887. Adu, born in Ghana, signed with the MLS to play for D.C. United in 2003. He and his family moved to Potomac, Maryland in 1997 and he eventually became a United States citizen in 2002. H e signed with Nike for one million dollars in 2000, becoming the youngest professional to sign an endorsement deal with Nike. Greg Couch, a writer for the Sun Times states, ?Are we ready for this? Because if Freddy Adu makes it big, then the battle to save little things like fun and imagination in youth sports is gone.? He is absolutely right. What happened to the main reason to play sports- have fun? These young children won?t understand fun after being demanded, day in and day out, from the most rigorous coaches to perform to a level they have not been exposed to yet. They haven?t been exposed to that level because they skipped the most important part of their life and career, and that is college. In rare cases, there?s one athlete that comes along and is very special. Sappenfield of The Christian Science Monitor says, ?In some instances, they are truly unique athletes. In others, they are simply the products of a new and hyper-competitive youth-sports system, lured to big-time at hletics by bad advice and the prospect of outlandish wealth and rock star glory? (Sappenfield 1). Ki... ...n education and should get one before stepping out into the real world and being thrown into an atmosphere of fame, glory, and money. An atmosphere a teenager is not ready for. Works CitedBae, Isamu. High School Athletes Should Go To College, Not The Pro Level. 1 June 2004. Silver Chips Online. 22 April 2005 .Carter, A. CinQue. Athletes Should Stay In School Before Relying On False Dreams. 29 Oct 1998. Daily Bruin. 22 April 2005 .Couch, Greg. And The No. 1 Reason Not To Turn Pro At 14?. 20 Nov. 2003. Chicago Sun-Times. 10 Apr. 2005 .Keller, Mandy. Bylaw Article 12 Amateurism. July 2003. The National Collegiate Athletic Association. 9 Apr. 2005 .Ryan, Joan. Little Girls in Pretty Boxes. New York. Warner Books. 1 Aug 2000. Sappenfield, Mark. Young, Gifted, and Rich- Behind the Sudden Rise of Teen Sports Superstars. 1 Dec. 2003. The Christian Science Monitor. 9 Apr. 2005 .Satterf ield, Kathryn R. Ready For The Big League. Vol. 9 No. 8. 7 Nov. 2003. Time For Kids. 9 Apr. 2005 .Going Pro Early. A Game-Official Website of Smart Athletics. 9 Apr. 2005 .Head to Head. 9 Apr. 2005 .Your Take Freddy Adu. 20 Nov. 2003. ESPN Soccernet. 10 Apr. 2005 .