Negative Sites on Abortion, Helping Make a Dignified Choice

Every year in the United States, 25% of pregnancies are ended in abortion. This number may seem quite high, but it is actually on the decline and is much lower than several other countries. These numbers are extremely high for one main reason. That reason is a lack of education. When young women become pregnant they feel the only alternative to having the baby is abortion. This is wrong and that is why we must educate the public to bring the abortion numbers down. The abortion issue has two sides. Pro-lifers believe that a human life is created at conception. Pro-choicers believe life begins at birth. Both groups have the common goal of minimizing the number of abortions, but have different ways of accomplishing that. For example, pro-lifers believe abortion should be illegal, while pro-choicers believe that it is the woman†s body as well as her choice. The other main differences lie in the definitions of several key terms. For example take the word pregnancy. Pro-lifers believe pregnancy starts at conception, while pro-choices believe it starts at the time of birth. To bring down the abortion rate, we need to focus on the factors causing the problems (Baird). I believe the main factor is a lack of education. If we started to educate children earlier about pregnancy, we would see a drop in the number of pregnancies and abortions. While this technique may be long and expensive, it is the best remedy for the long run. There are several ways we can implement this technique. We could develop a program similar to D. A. R. E. , in which it is demanded for students to take classes. D. A. R. E. , which stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education, has been especially successful. The purpose of the program is to inform children that popularity can be found in positive and nonviolent behavior. The program also helps children feel a sense of belonging that stresses their values. D. A. R. E teaches children valuable lessons concerning drugs and alcohol abuse. The program helps the children to lead better, fuller, and more satisfying lives. Research done by the D. A. R. E. program showed that for every $1 spent on drug abuse prevention, communities can save $4 to $5 in costs for drug abuse treatment and counseling. It was also found that in the past two years, drug abuse has either stayed the same or declined. The program has seen this type of success since it started in 1983 (D. A. R. E. ). I believe a class like this concerning abortion and pregnancy would have similar success. The class would inform the children on the purposes of sex and pregnancy. It would teach them the importance of sex and why you should wait for the right person. This would directly tie into abortion portion of the class. The class would tell why abortion is wrong and what alternatives there are to abortion. They would learn how contraceptive methods such as condoms are used to prevent pregnancy, while abortifacient techniques are used to end a pregnancy that has already begun (Prolife. rg). Some other common forms of birth control the students would learn about are diaphragms, cervical caps, contraceptive pills, and emergency contraception pills or â€Å"the morning after pill. † There are some other alternatives to education. One of them is making abortion illegal, but at this stage it is impossible. As the public continues to become more educated, the abortion rate will go down as will the opinion of abortion. At this stage there may be a possibility of making abortion illegal. But until we get to this stage, making abortion illegal is not an option. There is hope though, because the public's opinion of abortion has been changing. A CNN Poll in 1998 showed that only 31% of men and 32% of women were advocates of abortion. A similar poll was taken in 1980, which showed that 52% of the population believed in some form of abortion. Other than education, making it illegal would be the main goal. Obviously abortions would still happen, but now the number of pregnancies each year would dip under five percent. I also believe that more pregnancy clinics are needed. Pregnancy clinics help to spread the word to the public concerning pregnancy. I believe simple things like free condoms are a start to remedy the problem (Religioustolerance. org). As mentioned earlier, education is the best way of dealing with the abortion rate. Education at a younger age helps to control pregnancy and it informs involved parties of the alternatives they have. Not only would the abortion rate and pregnancy rate drop, but so would the number of sexually transmitted diseases. Although every woman has the right to abortion, I believe that many women would change their decision if they knew of the alternatives.

African American Cinema Essay

The subject of African-Americans in Motion Pictures provides some of the most interesting studies along with the many controversial interpretations of the roles as actors they played on screen. As far back as the silent films era, African-Americans have been featured in motion pictures playing roles depicting some aspect of acting and being purveyors of a black image. The messages or themes of these movies have over the years presented a mixture of images based upon what was thought to please the viewers of each particular film. Unfortunately, many of those films showed black characters in negative stereotypical roles, which the average African-Americans would never truly identify as being like themselves. Since many of our American icons and heroes have come from our motion picture stars, we need to understand what this narrow view presented and compare it with what we presently see at our local cinema today. The movies Guess Who’s Coming To Dinner (1967), Shaft (1971), Do The Right Thing (1989), Boys n the Hood (1991), and Menace to Society (1993) show a thematic style and stereotypes in the way that black films have progressed over the years. The motion picture industry was never too quick to change their approach in presenting African-Americans in realistic roles depicting social or civil conditions in an integrated context. Many of these roles required scenes showing African-Americans in positions of authority or relating to white Americans in a positive way. This Integration Period therefore brought together African-American actors with scenes along side white actors in roles showing both players dealing with racial conflict and resolution. Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner was truly a unique film for its time in that Sidney Poitier’s character breaks all the stereotypical views of blacks in American Cinema. In the early 1930’s blacks were portrayed as lower class, slow-witted figures of entertainment, often showed in menstrual shows. Poitier’s character broke all these stereotypes. 1971 brought to the big screen a successive series of superhero black or â€Å"blaxploitation† films. Shaft was released in 1971, and Richard Roundtree was the superman black hero detective. He was compared by many to the white James Bond. Related to Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, Shaft took it up a notch in showing a black man as a hero. Poitier’s role was one to equalize whites and blacks in their roles in American cinema, but Shaft showed a black man who was an authoritative figure. Different themes can be mixed in between the two movies. They both show an intelligent black man that has a grip on reality. Both movies showed themes of how integration has struck America. They differ though on a level in that Shaft was a black dominant cast and Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner was predominantly white. Do the Right Thing, Boyz n the Hood, and Menace to Society were all produced in a more modern era, hence the fact that they all have similar racial themes. The films all paint a picture of urban Black America in their time period. All three films are thought to be racially reactionary films aimed at the psyche of both black and white viewers. The movies were all a success due to the touched topics of racial situations, ethnic tensions, and human encounters of anger. The superb casts of both black and white actors made the motion picture industry aware of a newer avenue for films and race relations. African-Americans in motion pictures in today’s expanding world of visual imagery can be seen on many expanding fronts. We see the making of motion pictures on subjects or themes which can be taken from history, life experiences, music, and unexplored events. Today’s markets are open, and African-Americans are taking advantage of these open door opportunities. Actors and actresses are expanding their roles from stage acting to movies to TV miniseries to video cassettes or discs, and roles taken from books, plus movie soundtracks. In our world today African-American actors and actresses will always have a place in American Cinema and their future looks bright and promising.

Theft and Burglary Arrest

Burglary is the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a crime. It is an offense against possession and habitation. Night time used to be an element of burglary, but in todays world, this is no longer a factor as burglary can occur at any time of the day The deflnltlon of burglary comes from state laws and because of this some states may have other definitions of what constitutes burglary. In Washington, DC, the government must prove that the defendant entered the dwelling, building, or room of another used for sleeping and that the defendant intended to commit a crime at the ime of entry.In Virginia, the government must prove the defendant broke and entered the dwelling house of another, the defendant did so at night time, and he did so with the intent to commit larceny or felony offense. According to the FBI, burglary made up 23. 6 percent of all property crimes reported in 2009. The rate of household burglary decreased 56% from 1994 to 2011, from a peak of 63. 4 victimizations pe r 1,000 u. S. households In 1994 to 27. 6 victimizations per 1,000 households in 2011 . From 1994 to 2011, the rate of completed burglary decreased by t least half across households headed by persons of all races and Hispanic origin.Burglary clearance rates seem to below for a number of reasons. At the top of the list Is that burglaries are usually not discovered until hours after It occurs. Burglars can usually quickly dispose of property and there are rarely witnesses to burglary. Most burglars are professional and usually do not leave any physical evidence. So what can be done to improve the clearance rate of burglaries? In my opinion It Is very hard to determine what can be done to Improve the clearance rate f burglaries. I would suggest community policing In the areas where burglaries are known to happen.The police can work with the citizens to create an effective neighborhood watch program which will watch out for burglaries and report suspicious people hanging around. When re sponding to a burglary call, the officer should look for any evidence the perpetrator may leave behind and take notes, and identify all items that were taken. The officer may find that the evidence or notes will led them to a particular burglar based on the MO. If the officer can develop an MO hich leads to related burglaries, upon finding a suspect, he can usually get a conviction. based on that evidence.Many suspects are convicted based on circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence is the form of physical clues and scientific analysis. I believe that circumstantial evidence is better than an eyewitness in cases like burglary. Circumstantial evidence can involve the defendants' motive alone. Say for instance the suspect was there earlier In the day Just walking around and needed money. He had a motive, the means and the opportunity. This ircumstantial evidence is enough to convict, if the defendant can't prove he was elsewhere at the time the burglary happened.Now should ther e be a criteria for making an arrest for burglary. I would have to say yes, there needs to be a criteria to make any arrest. Among the most Important criteria's for making a burglary arrest should be probable cause. The officer needs to have factual circumstances that leads 1 OF2 to tnem Dellevlng tnat tne suspect commlttea a Durglary. It snou10 De noted t probable cause may allow the officer to make an arrest, it does not always lead to a onviction. What constitutes as probable cause to the officer may not constitute to probable cause for a Judge.So now that we have our burglary suspect in custody and we've found some of the property he has stolen, where is the rest of the stolen property? The defendant states that he sold some of the stolen property online. How can we recover the stolen property that the burglar sold online? One would think it would be hard to recover stolen property online. Upon researching, I found a couple of websites where you can list your stolen items. I als o found out that eBay will help ou recover your stolen goods if you can prove they are yours.The other way to recover stolen objects is to check the pawn shops, second hand stores, and flea markets. Theft and Burglary Arrest Burglary is the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a crime. It is an offense against possession and habitation. Night time used to be an element of burglary, but in today’s world, this is no longer a factor as burglary can occur at any time of the day The definition of burglary comes from state laws and because of this some states may have other definitions of what constitutes burglary. In Washington, DC, the government must prove that the defendant entered the dwelling, building, or room of another used for sleeping and that the defendant intended to commit a crime at the time of entry.In Virginia, the government must prove the defendant broke and entered the dwelling house of another, the defendant did so at night time, and he did so with the intent to commit larceny or felony offense. According to the FBI, burglary made up 23. 6 percent of all property crimes reported in 2009. The rate of household burglary decreased 56% from 1994 to 2011, from a peak of 63. 4 victimiz ations per 1,000 U. S. households in 1994 to 27. 6 victimizations per 1,000 households in 2011. From 1994 to 2011, the rate of completed burglary decreased by at least half across households headed by persons of all races and Hispanic origin.Burglary clearance rates seem to below for a number of reasons. At the top of the list is that burglaries are usually not discovered until hours after it occurs. Burglars can usually quickly dispose of property and there are rarely witnesses to burglary. Most burglars are professional and usually do not leave any physical evidence. So what can be done to improve the clearance rate of burglaries? In my opinion it is very hard to determine what can be done to improve the clearance rate of burglaries. I would suggest community policing in the areas where burglaries are known to happen.The police can work with the citizens to create an effective neighborhood watch program which will watch out for burglaries and report suspicious people hanging aroun d. When responding to a burglary call, the officer should look for any evidence the perpetrator may leave behind and take notes, and identify all items that were taken. The officer may find that the evidence or notes will led them to a particular burglar based on the MO. If the officer can develop an MO which leads to related burglaries, upon finding a suspect, he can usually get a conviction, based on that evidence.Many suspects are convicted based on circumstantial evidence. Circumstantial evidence is the form of physical clues and scientific analysis. I believe that circumstantial evidence is better than an eyewitness in cases like burglary. Circumstantial evidence can involve the defendants’ motive alone. Say for instance the suspect was there earlier in the day just walking around and needed money. He had a motive, the means and the opportunity. This circumstantial evidence is enough to convict, if the defendant can’t prove he was elsewhere at the time the burglar y happened.Now should there be a criteria for making an arrest for burglary. I would have to say yes, there needs to be a criteria to make any arrest. Among the most important criteria’s for making a burglary arrest should be probable cause. The officer needs to have factual circumstances that leads to them believing that the suspect committed a burglary. It should be noted that probable cause may allow the officer to make an arrest, it does not always lead to a conviction. What constitutes as probable cause to the officer may not constitute to probable cause for a judge.So now that we have our burglary suspect in custody and we’ve found some of the property he has stolen, where is the rest of the stolen property? The defendant states that he sold some of the stolen property online. How can we recover the stolen property that the burglar sold online? One would think it would be hard to recover stolen property online. Upon researching, I found a couple of websites where you can list your stolen items. I also found out that eBay will help you recover your stolen goods if you can prove they are yours. The other way to recover stolen objects is to check the pawn shops, second hand stores, and flea markets.

REGLECTION PERCEPTION KEYS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REGLECTION PERCEPTION KEYS - Assignment Example This is so because, the ‘must see’ impressive structure representing the building, is an art in itself. It largely display the artistic ways of the master brains behind the building. 3. Elevators take us to the top of the building, and then we can participate with the exhibited works of art by walking down the spiraling ramp. This enables us to see each work from many perspectives. Does this seem to you to be an interesting, efficient, and comfortable way of exhibiting works of art? Yes, this does seem to me as an interesting, efficient and comfortable way of exhibiting works of art. This is so because; the building in itself is enormous. So, it is advisable for one to start from the top going to the bottom as is an assured way out of the building. This will save one lots of energy and hence wont tire earlier hence will have a better view of the exhibitions. As we all know, it is easier to go down a hill that climbing it. 4. The front of the museum faces Fifth Avenue. The surrounding buildings are tall rectangular structures evenly lined up along the sidewalks. If possible, visit the site. Did Wright succeed in bringing his museum into a harmonious spatial relationship with these other buildings? Or was his purpose perhaps to make his museum stand out in sharp contrast, like a plant among inorganic shapes? But if so, does the museum fit successfully into the spatial context – â€Å"the power and embrace of the positioned interrelationships of things†? The major aim of Wright erecting his building next to ordinary looking buildings was to make his museum stand out in spiky contrast. This was to make it more eye catching like a rose among daffodils. The museum fits successfully into the spatial context this is so because, it made it look so unique hence bringing out its popularity (Martin & Jacobus, 2011). I don’t think that a park site would have been a better site for the building compared to

Memo and Flowchart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Memo and Flowchart - Essay Example Mchane and Travaglione explain that good communication enure individual know what i expected of them and it galvanie coordination within the organiation. The root of a large number of organiational problem i poor communication. Thi eay will give an indication of what tyle of communication were involved in my previou line of employment with Woolworth Limited. How everyday communication uch a word, voice, tone, geture phyical action and the like took place with fellow employee baed on the model preented by Gamble and Gamble. To be a effective a I could, verbal communication wa one of, if not, the mot important apect when communicating with employee. A a manager it wa imperative to overcome communication barrier before approaching an employee. Thee barrier may have been diadvantage of verbally communicating, uch a noie, hearay, choice of word, aumption and tereotyping, which could all contribute to miundertanding. I felt it to be my duty to recognie any of thee barrier and enure that they were not included in the communication proce. For example, if it required me to talk to an employee about hi/her performance, it wa imperative that they had my 100% attention and the chance of ditraction wa zero. In an environment where there maybe five employee at one tore, it wa crucial to be aware of what wa aid about employee around other employee or co-worker, which could have had repercuion at later tage. I learnt from early on, an employee will not hear what you have to ay, poitive or contructive, if they have heard that you have been talking to other about them. They would have already began to get defenive and think of what they need to ay to get their point acro while I wa trying to make mine. Another apect of verbal communication i written tatement. In my workplace, thi included memorandum, bulletin, flyer, report, letter, faxe and e-mail. Mchane and Travaglione decribe written, verbal, or electronic method a, at time, imperonal, but fat and effective. Written communication i very often the mot uitable and clearet mean of communication. A a manager at BW, written communication may be the mot uitable when trying to communicate organiational goal, objective, target, value and o on. In an indutry where the encouragement of policie, procedure and practice are central to improvement, written communication i often the bet way to demontrate thi. That i not to ay interperonal connection within BW wa are non-exitent, becaue that i by no mean the cae. Developing a trut relationhip between manager and employee make it eaier to reach the goal of ucceful communication. Effective communication i built and utained on the trut between manager and employee. 'Doing what i right' and having employee follow thi principle alo require initiating and utaining mutually truting relationhip . Gamble define litening a a deliberate proce through which we eek to undertand and retain aural timuli. It depend on a complex et of kill

Chain of Command Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chain of Command - Coursework Example Fortune 500 company and the federal government of the United States are seen to have many similarities when it comes to the chain of command of both these entities. The federal government has several executive branches which primarily act as advisors of the president and also help him to veto certain issues. The Vice President and fifteen executive branches are currently acting as these advisors for the president of America. Same is the case with the Fortune 500 company where it can be seen that a CEO is operating as a sole leader of the company who has several departments under him who act on his discretion. These departments and individuals under him act as the advisors of the CEO and can help him take decisions. Chief Operating Officer acts as a primary advisor of the CEO of Fortune 500 who can make him act in the best interest of the company just like the vice president. The Managing Director then comes in the branch who informs about the condition of the company to the COO or CE O along with the General Manager. The supervisors then form individual departments like that of electors in the federal government. The employees are then working in the company who help to carry out actions. These employees are the same as the employees working under the executive branches of the federal government. The shareholders in a multinational corporation act as the members of Senate in a cabinet. The members of the senate can reject a proposal by the president or accept it when it comes to the interest of federal government whereas the shareholders can also reject or accept the proposal given by the CEO. The difference between these two entities is that these two work in a different manner. Fortune 500 does not have to care much about the general public whereas the Federal Government has to keep everything in mind. The authority of the federal government is much more than the Fortune 500. The federal

Instructional method and comprehension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Instructional method and comprehension - Essay Example Thus, the terminology of ‘classroom management’ introduced in education with the objective is to create a positive relationship not only between teachers, but also among the peers themselves, and also to help those students who need psychological help (Stough & Emmer, 2001) The two domains of Instruction and learning play the most important role in the learning process of an individual. Instructional and learning style approach is discussed below. 1 Instructional method Methods are the means for instruction for the students. Mostly, instruction method depends upon the content, the students and the level of intellect of the students. Content is categorized into three main domains of knowledge, i.e., skills, attitudes, and values. According to the content and a set goal, students are made to engage themselves actively in the learning process. While, teaching skill, it is necessary to alter the content giving the learners more practical exposure and pointing out the important practical aspects. When teaching attitude, those methods are used which are required to apply in particular situations. There is several level of learning the knowledge of the content from simple recitation without complete understanding to learning so well that the learner has full understanding of listing, discussion, analysing, practical application, and extrapolation of the knowledge in a naà ¯ve situation (Bloom et al., 1956).

Providing The Care For The Elderly Persons Assignment

Providing The Care For The Elderly Persons - Assignment Example In most of the developing and underdeveloped countries, the elderly take care of themselves. The old are not given affordable rights to health care, food, clothing, shelter, and others. They are left alone to survive through their relatives who sometimes are also not able to care for them in the proper way possible. They are not assigned to any nurses or someone to help them take care of themselves. Therefore, they are left to suffer and do things on their own. In such case, I think these Governments should have homes for the elderly. Here, they should be provided with people who can take care of them on a daily basis. They also need to be provided with food, clothing, healthcare support and any other basic need they would require. They are a part of the community, and in any case, they are responsible for the current status of our countries. All workers in the United States should have the right to paid medical leave when their medical condition was contributed to by work conditions. The workers need to be paid their salaries in full as they undergo treatment, for the first six months of treatment. If they don't recover before the first six months, they need to receive their wages in full. Any time after six months if they have not recovered, they need to be paid half of their total salary by their employers. This should be done until such time that they will recover and get back to work. In case they don't recover, they will remain to receive their pay up to such time that they were supposed to retire. In the case of a permanent disability or death, they should be given their two-year pay. However, this doesn't happen universally. Some reasons are that some employees are only on contracts that are not enforceable. Some countries also do not recognize such rights and have their workers bill of rights.

Smart Airlines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Smart Airlines - Research Paper Example In the course of determining the state of the economy, it is critical to adopt and incorporate Porter’s five forces analysis. It is essential to note that the power of suppliers in the airline industry is immense, courtesy of external environment’s influence that affects the three inputs: fuel, labor, and aircraft, thus the high power of suppliers. For instance, the cost of aviation fuel tends to fluctuate in relation to the global market for the oil because of the geopolitical and other factors. Secondly, it is essential to note that the power of buyers in the airline industry is moderate to high. This relates to the proliferation of the online ticketing approach, as well as distribution systems. Flyers no longer have to be at the mercy of the intermediaries or agents and airlines to the satisfaction of the ticketing needs. In addition, the entry of low-cost carriers has been of great benefit to the fliers or consumers. Similarly, buyers enjoy massive protection in relation to the tight regulation on the demand side of the airline industry. These factors make airline industry to cede power to the consumers, thus the moderate to high threat of power of buyers. The industry requires significant or huge capital investment to facilitate entering or exiting of the sector. From this perspective, the industry boasts of high entry and exit barriers. From this perspective, the industry tends to experience low threats of new entrants because of the high costs. The airline industry in the United States is extremely competitive.

Family Care International Company Analysis Statistics Project

Family Care International Company Analysis - Statistics Project Example The importance of a nonprofit organization is that it helps in the development and the betterment of living of certain individuals within a society. Their role is important in providing assistance to the people wherein they seek of gaining profit and most of the times are voluntarily made by the members of the group. Will you do a strategic planning framework? The strategy to be employed for this project is a performance measure, wherein the project will present the internal and external environment of the organization, the strategic points employed by it and also the increased and also analyzing the performance of the organization in helping people who it intends to help. Performance measures are objective, quantitative indicators of various aspects of the performance of public programs and agencies. Basically the mission of FCI is to launch women groups who will help women and children in African countries and assure that their family life will be properly protected by them. The pl an will be for the entire organization, that is, it will help the institution to assess their performance and improve it for the future. Basically, the rigid laws governing the nonprofit organizations regarding their handling of money and the tax exemption can affect on their productivity. Thus, the organization may have a hard time to continue their operations and processing of data within the organization will be slow. Productivity and innovation will be difficult as the laws make it hard for them to do it. The plan will follow the following outline: About FCIA. Mission b. Principles and Activities Internal Environment of FCI External Environment of FCI Models of Management of FCI Performance of FCI This project will adopt a qualitative method wherein the researcher will have to talk personally to the staff of FCI to be able to assess their knowledge towards their own mission and organization. This style is more feasible in aiming of a collective response and personal approach in obtaining the needed data for the study. Qualitative style can help the researcher analyze how FCI can better help the people and obtain their objectives. PART 2 Stakeholder Analysis and Engagement Plan The stakeholders include The World Bank, non-governmental organizations (World Vision and Action Aid International), World Health Organization, health experts (Medical doctors, clinical officers and nutritionists), women and children below the age of 14 years, as well as the government (US Government). The place of each stakeholder on the power vs. interest grid below Low-High Women & children (below the age of 14 years) High-high World Bank World Health Organization NGO’s (Above mentioned) Low-low Health experts (Med

Reaction paper on article that I have which related to gun issue

Reaction paper on that I have which related to gun issue - Article Example ublished on April 23, 2012, says that America has now become a battleground in the literal sense where one could see many deaths and violent attacks off and on. The report throws light to the fact that majority of the American possess guns as there is provision in the American law that allows people to have guns for their self protection. The history of the past few years show that majority of these attacks were not for self protection, but an act of violence due to some psychological disorders, or a student taking revenge upon his classmates on trifles. The report opens with the stories of some recent attacks and the prevention methods adopted by some of the schools preparing for gunmen. However, the threat of the gun still continues and majority of the Americans fear that they may encounter with a violent gunman during their journeys. It said that there is about one gun for every American. The report adopts the data of the General Social Survey, conducted by the National Policy Opinion Center at the University of Chicago, when they identified that there is gradual decline in the gun ownership in the past few years. However, it is a contradiction to note that the number of the people having guns, and the power of the gun lobby are increased. There are many reasons identified for the increase of guns. It includes activities of The American Firearms, the innumerable firing ranges, private clubs, and so on. The American Firearms School is open to all and the authorized persons give training to the public. One of the main reasons of the increase of the guns can be attributed to the private sellers or classified ads that possess the lion share of the gun market. This fact clearly exposes the reason why or how an average a hundred thousand Americans are killed or wounded with guns a year. The National Rifle Association, founded in 1871 also promotes the growth of this field through training and publication of the magazines like The Armed Citizen. Another reason for

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Essay Example for Free

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Essay The education system in our country was put in place in order to do service to our children. Despite this, in many cases, children that have disabilities are neglected by their schools. As a society, we all want to make sure that these children are being taken care of. However, there is a large spectrum of students with disabilities, and more needs to be done in order to meet every individual’s needs. In some cases, they do not receive enough attention, and others receive so much that it holds them back from succeeding on their own. Generally speaking, students with special needs benefit from integration into general education classrooms when it is handled appropriately; however in many cases, students are still being short-changed. Integrating students with special needs into a general education classroom has many advantages, both social and academic. For example, all students are required to receive and be tested on common core information, regardless of academic status. Julie Verdonik, an administrator at Maple Grove Jr. Sr. High School who is the head of the Special Education department , says if the students are not able to participate in the general education class, it is much more likely that they will not be taught all of the information that they are responsible for knowing. Special education classrooms slow down the pace of learning, and in many cases, this can actually be detrimental to the student (Verdonik). Verdonik also says, â€Å"When high expectations are set, generally the students are able to meet them. † Any students that are capable of handling the common-core curriculum should be given the opportunity to do so. Not only is the challenging curriculum good for them, but interacting with their peers is very beneficial as well. When asked if integration was socially beneficial for students with special needs Verdonik responded, â€Å"It is always beneficial to have students interacting together. † As a general rule, when students interact with each other, social skills are improved. This is no different for students with special needs. There are other life skills that are taught in a general education classroom that are important for these students too. They are taught the importance of meeting due dates, to listen to and respect a boss or a teacher, and how to handle challenges and frustrations that arise in daily life (Verdonik). By teaching these students important life skills, we are doing them a service that will stay with them their whole life. When integration is implemented appropriately, it is highly successful. There are specific requirements for children who are in need of special attention. They are not just left to cope with a challenging work environment. The government mandates that each eligible student receives an IEP or 504 plan under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, or IDEA, that will help them as they go through school (Koch). These plans are created on an individualized basis, and can include the implementing of a variety of practices to best help the student (NCLD). Different testing accommodations or formats can be assigned, as well as different classroom times or activities such as remedial classes and aides, or â€Å"study buddies† (â€Å"What is a 504 plan? †). Smaller, but equally significant, actions can be taken too, such as requiring that a student have access to a computer for every writing assignment, or that someone gives them a â€Å"backpack check† to make sure they have all of the right homework (â€Å"What is a 504 plan? †). All of these individualized requirements, added to integration, have a very strong and successful impact on the education of special needs students. There have been a number of success stories in our nation’s history when it comes to the education of special needs students. One in particular, told by Kathy Koch in her article entitled, â€Å"Do Students With Disabilities Get the Help They Need? † is the story of a young girl named Rose who suffers from cerebral palsy. Despite her condition, Rose has aspirations of attending college, and was elected onto the student’s council (Koch). Koch says that, â€Å"By nearly all accounts, the law has been highly successful at educating students once turned away at the schoolhouse door as ‘untrainable’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Julie Verdonik too believes that the program can be successful, and has confidence in the special needs students at Maple Grove. With all of this success, why is it necessary that the special education system be reevaluated? Despite the potential for success that IDEA creates, there are many students whose needs are not yet being met. Some states in our country ignore the act altogether, and do not provide their students with the resources and materials they need to be successful. In many cases, teachers in general education are not trained enough to handle students with special needs being a part of their classroom (Gable). The two of these factors combine to create an environment that slows down the learning process at no fault of the child. On top of that, many low-income areas do not receive enough funding to afford to service their students to the best of their ability, further hindering the child. Misdiagnosis is also a problem commonly found in low-income areas that holds students back from reaching their full potential (Koch). Students that are simply falling behind due to overcrowded classrooms are subjected to remedial reading and other needs-based classes when they don’t actually suffer from any disability (Koch). In some states, children with special needs are tested in a different category than the students in general education. Due to the fact that overcrowded classroom leave some students behind by nature, this method of testing often results in students who are falling behind being forced into special education classrooms unnecessarily to manipulate test scores (Koch). These students are robbed of the social benefits of being in a general education classroom, as well as the chance to face academic challenges. Students who are falling behind and are being pushed aside at no fault of their own often develop behavioral problems that are disruptive and detrimental to themselves and those around them (Gable). If teachers are not qualified to help these students, the problems only increase and multiply, unfairly leaving the student to cope in an environment that they can’t handle. The dropout rate of students with special needs is twice that of the students who have no disabilities (Gable). When schools fail to meet the needs of their students, the results aren’t beneficial to anybody. In too many cases, our current system is not effective enough to satisfy the needs of our students. Although there is potential for success in our system, more needs to be done to ensure that there can be adequate help for every student that needs it. Funding for special education needs to be increased to schools in low-income areas. If this were to happen, misdiagnosis, overcrowding, and a lack of resources would no longer be a problem for these districts. Teachers in the field of general education need to be adequately trained to handle the challenges that come from students with special needs in the classroom. It is not currently required that all teachers receive training in special education before earning their degree (DuBois). This should not be acceptable any longer, because even in general education classrooms, there will be students who require more attention based on behavioral and academic issues (DuBois). Most importantly, states need to be held accountable for the education that they are providing to their students. It is a common misconception that students with special needs do not match the level of achievement of students without disabilities. Many people think that the pace of classes and amount of curriculum they would be responsible for would be too much for these students to handle. However, with the proper accommodations, this would not have to be true. If necessary, an aide or special education teacher can be assigned to children through their IEP. These aides are beneficial to both the student and the teacher in the classroom. With another person to help explain concepts, as well as hold the child accountable for the work the child is responsible for, students can often meet and even exceed expectations (Verdonik). While it is true that bringing students with special needs into the classroom can introduce additional behavioral and academic issues, Verdonik says, â€Å"Having another person in the room that is trained to work with these kids can also take some of the pressure off of the teacher. † If teachers were trained more adequately to handle these problems on their own, and there was an aide available to the child, there is no reason to believe that they would not be able to adapt to and succeed in a general education classroom. There are some who believe that integrating special needs students among their peers would lead to bullying and other detrimental social problems. While theoretically this argument makes sense, there are many reasons to believe the exact opposite will happen. Integration would actually cause more tolerance and acceptance between these students. For one thing, they would be exposed to each other from a much earlier age, and would continue to be as they advance through school. Growing up together, students with and without disabilities would learn how to interact together, and even realize that they aren’t so different from each other anyway. Kathy Koch’s story about Rose is the perfect example of this. Rose’s cerebral palsy not only affects her mentally, but physically as well. Despite these defects, she was accepted by her classmates enough to be voted the secretary of her class (Koch). Anna Schuppenhaur, who suffered a stroke at the age of two, is still suffering from the physical and mental repercussions (DuBois). Her kindergarten teacher, Elizabeth Dubois, remembers celebrating Anna’s victories as a class with her students; when Anna learned how to swing all by herself, they had a party for her. Years later, in eighth grade Anna suffered from muscle spasms during class (DuBois). Anna received the support and concern of all of her classmates afterwards (DuBois). When recalling the event DuBois said, â€Å"I believe that if these children had not grown up learning to be supportive of each other, they would have reacted much differently to Anna’s situation. † Rather than feeling alone or unwanted by her classmates, the support given to Anna has helped her get through difficult times presented to her by her disability. Also, if special needs students weren’t treated differently from the beginning, there would be less distinction between them and the other students anyway. If the administration treats them differently, then they will be labeled as different. But if they are treated as equally as possible, discrimination would not develop into a problem from the beginning. If special education students are integrated into general education classrooms, general education teachers will be required to learn how to cope with the challenges that they present. However, teachers who teach in general education classrooms are not required to take special education classes before earning their degree (DuBois). It is true that training teachers in this area would be expensive. Either the individual would have to pay to take the classes at the collegiate level before earning their degree, the school district in which they work would have to pay to provide a workshop or other source of training for the teacher, or a combination of both of these options would be necessary. However, the result is worth the cost, because without the training, teachers are not able to do their job effectively. Inadequate teachers lead to higher lower test scores, misplacement of students into remedial classes (Koch), higher dropout rates, and emotionally and mentally detrimental effects for their students (Gable). Making sure teachers receive the proper training is crucial to the success of the special needs students in their classrooms. State and federal funding for special education needs to increase in order to enable schools to be capable of helping their students. The low-income areas that lack resources are not able to provide them because they cannot afford to (Associated). Helping children who require special education involves many extra expenses, such as hiring speech pathologists and psychologists, training teachers, and providing equipment and facilities, accommodations and other resources. With all of this, educating students with special needs can cost four times more students in general education (Associated). Federal funds cover a fraction of that expense, leaving the districts to their own means (Associated). Schools that are already struggling with financial troubles are unlikely to be able to meet the costs required of them without more help from the government. The most important step that needs to be taken in order to help children with disabilities in America is the development of a system that holds states and school districts accountable for providing these students with the education they deserve. Too often, students are being pushed aside when they deserve benefits because the schools do not have the resources to help them. Parents are often left to fight for their children’s rights, and are then labeled as â€Å"problem parents† and are viewed as a burden to the school system (Koch). Lilliam Rangel-Diaz says, The one constant factor throughout two and a half decades is that federal [enforcement] efforts over several administrations have been inconsistent and lacking any real teeth. There have been no consequences for states that have disregarded the law and devastating consequences for the students with disabilities and their families who have been denied the protections of the law. (qtd. in Koch) In order to solve this problem, consequences need to be established. States that are adequately helping their students should be able to pass on ideas and concepts that have influenced their student’s success, and implement new regulations that would improve the current programs. States that cannot support their students’ needs should receive funding in order to do so, because providing schools with the resources they don’t have is the only way to ensure the needs of the students will be met. However, if after a few years of receiving this funding there is no marked improvement in a  particular school district’s program, then other surrounding schools that have managed to run a successful program should take over. This may be an unorthodox system, but with the needs of the students in mind, it is a solution that makes sense. It would ensure that money is not being put to waste, give districts incentive to make improvements in their own systems, and guarantee that people who are capable and experienced are in charge of the education of our students. There are certainly situations in which integration is not actually the best option for students with disabilities. Some students have such severe limitations that they would not benefit from placement into general education classrooms, and they would be nearly impossible for teachers to work with without neglecting the rest of the class. This includes children who cannot comprehend or reproduce language, or whose mental development will never reach the adolescent stage. The education that these children receive is based more on living skills, for example, anything from shoe-tying and bed-making, to preparing food and interacting socially, depending upon the severity of their case. There are even cases in which students can learn math, reading, and writing skills. These students would be better off in a special education classroom or school, with a teacher trained specifically to handle their needs. However, this cannot be used as an excuse to keep capable children from getting the education that they deserve. Students with special needs benefit in many areas when they are integrated into special education classrooms. They develop stronger social skills, become better prepared for their future, and are challenged with a more difficult curriculum. When they are denied the opportunity to face these challenges and meet higher expectations, it is detrimental to them now and in the future. It is also a disadvantage for society, because without the proper education, it is harder for them to later become functioning members of society. With more funding, a wider range of teacher education, and a stricter enforcement of special education regulations, we can ensure that the needs of all of our students are adequately met. Works Cited Associated Press. â€Å"Public Schools Bearing the Brunt of Special Education Costs. † ThOnline. Telegraph Herald, 19 Aug 2012. Web. 1 February 2013. DuBois, Elizabeth. Personal interview. 27 January 2013. Gable, Robert A. ; Tonelson, et al. â€Å"Importance, Usage, and Preparedness to Implement Evidence-based Practices for students with Emotional Disabilities: A Comparison of Knowledge and Skills of Special Education and General Education Teachers. † Education Treatment of Children 35. 4 (2012): pg. 499-519. West Virginia University Press. Web. 20 December 2012. Koch, Kathy. â€Å"Do Students With Disabilities Get the Help They Need? † CQ Researcher 10. 39 (2013): 905-928. CQ Researcher Online. Web. 11 January 2013. NCLD Editorial Team. â€Å"What is an IEP? † National Center for Learning Disabilities. The National Center for Learning Disabilities, 2013. Web. 1 February 2013. Verdonik, Julie. Personal interview. 10 January 2013. â€Å"What is a 504 plan? † NCLD. National Center for Learning Disabilities, 2013. Web. 1 February 2013.

Multi Brand Retailing And Its Policy Implications Economics Essay

Multi Brand Retailing And Its Policy Implications Economics Essay With the ongoing wave of globalistaion, the companies are overhauling their approach to business practices worlwide in order to address the Opportunities and Challenges presented by the Multi Polar World. Therefore they are moving from conventional business practices to more geographical flexible approach and are aligning their strategies to the external environment. It is believed that Foreign Investment is a key component in the economic growth of any developing country. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) truly act as catalyst in this context. Indian Retail Sector carry a large prospective for attracting FDI as it is expected to grow three times the current levels.i.e.660 US billion $ by 2015.Large Format Retailers have diminished the idea of Grow local and sell local. But the latest move by the Indian government to allow 51% FDI in Multi Brand Retailing has attracted a huge debate in the country. It has been argued that the reforms will result in greater benefits to the economy, cons umers and farmers but the concerns have been raised by some political parties and trade associations that the outcome would be opposite. Henry Ford, the genius inventor said, Dont find fault, find a remedy. This axiom reverberates ever so relevantly in todays Indian retail sector scenario like never before. In this context, the present paper makes a modest attempt to analyse the controversial issues concerning the influx of FDI in multi brand retailing and also highlights the challenges and threats to all the players involved in it. This paper also reviews that adequate safeguards should be build by the Indian government so that it does not end up in losing proposition. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Retail Industry, Organised Retail Industry, Unorganised Retail Industry, Single Brand Retailing, Multi Brand Retailing, E-Retailing SECTION I: Introduction India is a land of Retail Democracy which is characterized by High level of Livelihood through Employment, High level of Self Organisation, Low Capital Input and High Level of Decentralisation. India is the fifth largest Retail Market Globally. Retail contributes approx from 14%-15% of Indias GDP.India has highest Retail Density in the World with 15 million Outlets. A T Kearney, an international management consultancy firm, has acknowledged India as one of the uppermost retail destinations. According to Technopak the Indian Retail economy is jump to mature to US$ 94.4 billion by FY12 and India has all the prospective needed to sustain this growth. According to a study conducted by PWC, Indian Retail Market currently stood at US $ 400 billion in 2009-10 which is approximate to reach US $ 573 billion by 2012-13 and is growing 30%-40% per annum.The India retail market is estimated at US$ 470 Billion in 2011, contributing for 35% of GDP and is expected to rise to US$ 675 Billion by 2016. The trend and the expected Total Retail Market and Organised Retail Market in India is exhibited in Graph 1 and Graph 2. Graph 1 Graph 2 Indian Retail Industry is divided into two sectors: Organised and Unorganised Sector. Indian retail market is highly dominated by decentralized unorganized market, which accounts for about 95% of the sales. The share of organized retailing in India, at around 2%, is too near to the ground, compared to 80% in the USA, 40% in Thailand, or 20% in China, thus leaving the huge market prospective largely intact. But, organised retail industry is one of the budding sectors with massive growth potential and with its emergence; Indian economy is surely going to gain from well capitalized retail industry. Since 1991, Due to Globalisation and Liberalisation, Retail Industry has grown exponentially in form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Foreign Investment in India is governed by the FDI policy which is announced by the Government of India and the terms of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999, which was notified by Reserve bank of India This notification has been amended from time to time. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India is the nodal agency for monitoring and reviewing the FDI policy on continued basis. The FDI policy is notified through Press Notes by the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA), Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). The foreign investors are liberated to invest in India, except few sectors where prior approval from the RBI or Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) would be obligatory. The Government of India recognizes the momentous role played by foreign direct investment in accelerating the economic growth of the country and thus started a swing of economic and financial reforms in 1991. India is now planning to initiate the second generation reforms proposed for a faster assimilation of the Indian economy with the world economy. As an outcome, India has been rapidly altering from a restrictive regime to a liberal one. Many reforms have been done by Indian Government in this context which is shown in the figure1: Figure 1 Among the emerging markets, in 2011, India is ranked as the fourth most Attractive Country for Retail Industry as per the Global Retail Development Index which is developed by A.T Kearney on the basis of 25 macroeconomic and retail specific variables. India is expected to lead one of the best retail economies by 2042s due to good talent pool, huge markets and availability of cheap raw material. Some studies have also state that variables like market size and differences in factor costs were found to be considerable in determining the FDI location as these are very important in determining the market economies and they cannot be achieved and oppressed till the time market achieves a certain size. (Markusen and Maskus, 1999). Foreign players may invest in the form of Single Brand Retailing and Multi Brand Retailing. Organized retail has become a centre of attention for most of the leading international players. Retailing through formats such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, department st ores and other forte chains are swelling. Indias consumers chiefly fit in to the middle and lower financial strata of society and both these segments would desire shopping at multi-brand retail stores which provide them an extensive assortment of price points and options in each product class. A widely held retail companies, 33.6%, cater to the customers falling in Rs 100,000 to Rs 500,000 income group, followed by 26.2% companies catering Rs 500,000 to Rs 1,000, 000 income group, both of which are emergent segments in India.As far as shopping behaviour of Indian consumers is concerned, modern outlets are preferred because they associate entertainment with shopping and now-a-days its a customer delight to go out for shopping and entertainment simultaneously (Sinha 2003). Retail stalwarts such as Wal-Mart, Tesco and Marks Spencer have already made entry into the Indian retail industry and with multi-billion dollar funds by major household players such as Reliance Retail. The US-base d worlds largest retailer Wal-Mart has already recognized its existence in the Indian market through a wholesale cash and carry stores. The company at present operates 17 wholesale cash-and- carry stores under Best Price Modern Wholesale stores in India. This industry is expected to go from strength to strength and have bright future as a number of drivers are aiding the development of the Industry such as improved levels of income and increasing purchasing power etc. In 2006,Indian government sanctioned FDI up to 51% in single brand retailing now this cap has been increased to 100%,last year in November,2011,union cabinet allowed FDI up to 51% in multi brand retailing, but this reform was put on hold as lot of opposition and protest was generated by various state governments, political parties like Trinomial congress, small shopkeepers, small traders, trading associations, industrial associations on certain grounds which has compelled Indian government to scrutinize the long term i mplications of organized retail in India. The government is geared up with the policy and the verdict has already been permitted by the cabinet it is only the matter of removing the finger from the pause button. In this backdrop the Objective of the study is: To discuss the present status and Policy Implications of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. To Highlight the Major Controversies relating to FDI in Multi Brand Retailing in India. To Discuss the Challenges and Threats to the Foreign Retailers and Domestic Retailers. To provide various Suggestions to all the effected Players through approval of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. To achieve the objectives of the study, the paper is divided into following sections: SECTION I, the present section gives an overview of FDI in Organised Retail in India followed by SECTION II which contains Review of Literature. SECTION III exhibits the Present Status and the policy implications of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing and also highlights the Major Controversies relating to FDI in Multi Brand Retailng.SECTION IV Highlights the views of the Indian Government and the Foreign Retailers on the Issue followed by SECTION V states the Challenges and Threats which all the Players may encounter with. SECTION VI provides some Suggestions and Recommendations on the matter and SECTION VII entails the Conclusion followed by SECTION VIII gives the details about the References used in the study. SECTION II: Review of Literature Reardon and Hopkins, 2006 Reardon and Berdegue, 2007 states that in underdeveloped countries Modern Retail arrived in Three Consecutive Waves. In the early hours of 1990s, the First Wave took place in South America, East Asia, China, North Central Europe and South Africa. The Second Wave took place in late 1990s in Mexico, Central Europe and Third Wave happened in the late 1990s and early 2000s in Africa, Central and South America, South East Asia, China India, Russia.They also state that the Third Wave Countries lagged behind due to the severe Foreign Policy on FDI in Retail Industry. China and Russia liberalized their FDI policy in 1990s and India did in early 2000s.In 2006, India sanctioned 51% in Single Brand Retail Joint Venture, but Multi Brand was still in debate at that time too.Koshy, Joseph, Partner, Joseph and Joseph law office describes in their article, FDI in Retail Sector, 2006 that Indian government has permitted FDI in several sectors but FDI in retail has been in de bate in the country as it had been opposed by many State Government and Leftist. According to Report, Corporate Hijack of Retail-Retail Dictatorship Vs Retail Democracy by Navdanya/Research foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, the entry of Giant Corporations like Wal-Mart etc in the Indian Retail Industry will have undeviating impact on 650 million Indian farmers. A Report (Oligopoly Tnc, 2005, the ETC group) states that the main energetic forces in the Food Retail Sector are the Cut Throat Antagonism and Global Integration. If Giant Retail chains get footing in India, it will lead to disarticulation of small retailers and farmers.Dr Mandeep Singh, Associate Prof of Economics, The Earth Institute of Colombia University states in his article FDI in retailing in india, 2010, that the entry gate of FDI regime should be in phased manner as household retailers need adequate time period to adjust changes and compete with global retail giants. A publication by ICT by IANS, Thein dian.com co. ltd, 2010 reveals the view point of heads of various Giant Retailers.FDI in Multi Brand Retailing: Time to expand the Horizons by Parekh, Paresh, Mumbai Agency, DNA, 2010 states that it is necessary to differentiate the Foreign Financial Institutions and Foreign Retailers for permitting FDI as Foreign Financial Institutions bring right talent and know how along with the capital which may be more pertinent to the profitable business in the sector. It also argues that Indian organised retailers may require finance for private equity than a premeditated alliance with foreign retailers. It further predicts that it is worth debating whether to place conditions before permitting FDI like rural employment creation, mandatory investment in back end infrastructure.Mukherjee and Patel,2005 reveal in their study that FDI through organised retailing have optimistic effect on the Indian industry in form of easy access to finance and global best practise through joint ventures Joseph and N sundarrajan,2009(the Indian council for research on international economic relations,ICRIER)in their study that only 17% of small shops were shut down due to competition from organised retailing. Through adoption of better business practise and technology, domestic retailers have competed effectively in opposition to organised retail. There has been an optimistic spill over effect on the Indian economy as its possession advantages get dispersal to household enterprises, thereby enhancing their productivity. SECTION III: Present Status of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing in India and the Major Controversies relating to it and its Policy Implications. 1. Present Status and Proposal as finalised by Indian Government Indian government has opened Indian economy for global players as a part of an accord with World trade organisation (WTO) and also cheering foreign direct investment into the territory. After allowing 100% FDI in Single Brand Retailing, in 2011, UPA Government has allowed the decision of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. The following proposal has been finalised by the government on this controversial issue: Government has legalized up to 51% of foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi brand retail trade. Fresh agricultural produce including fruits, vegetables, flowers, grains, pulses, fresh poultry, fishery, meat products etc may be unbranded. Minimum amount of US $ 100 million is to be brought in by foreign retailers. Out of the total amount brought in by foreign retailers at least 50% shall be invested in the back end infrastructure i.e. towards processing ,manufacturing ,distribution ,design improvement, quality control, packaging, logistic etc. At least 30% of manufactured or processed products shall be procured from small domestic industries by the foreign retailers which have the total investment not exceeding US $ 1 million (without providing depreciation). Retail stores shall be established only in cities with population of more than 10 lakhs as per 2011 census and shall also cover area of 10 kilometres around the municipal/urban agglomeration limits of such cities. 2. Controversies relating to FDI in Multi Brand Retailing Many Opponent political parties mainly BJP and Trinamool Congress have strongly protested against this decision. The most inopportune part is the UPA Governments validation of execution actions to be kept invulnerable from parliamentary approval. Quit FDI Day was observed on 9th august, 2012 to protest against FDI in multi brand retailing by staging dharnas. According to Praveen Khandelwal, Secretary General of Confederation of All India Traders, foreign investments by global giant retailers would lead to closure of small business and lakhs of people will be jobless. He further added that its highly undemocratic if Government will form an accord without traders assent. This issue have been encircled by number of controversies. The predicament arises whether opening up of FDI in multi-brand retail will build problems or endow with opportunities to local retailers. There is no appropriate response and apparent views have been seen in the favour and against FDI in multi-brand retailing. Some of the controversies are listed below: Figure 2 1. Do India really need foreign retailers? ACTUALITY: Indian economy is small with restricted superfluous capital and is already in force on budget deficit. India need trillions of dollars to build its infrastructure and other facilities, its simply not probable to back this expansion by domestic investors and Indian government, therefore international investment capital through FDI in obligatory. Apart from capital, Indian retail industry also call for knowledge and global amalgamation which can only be brought in by global retail leaders which can potentially unlock export markets for domestic farmers and producers. 2. Entry of Foreign Retailers in Multi Brand retailing will impact Indian Agrarian Community? 3. Entry of Giant Retailer will result in Shutting down of independent stores leading to enormous job losses, only few jobs would be created but millions will be vanished? ACTUALITY: Instead of job losses, retail reforms are likely to bring gigantic advancement in the Indian jobs as organised retail will call for workforce then millions of additional jobs will be formed during the building of and the maintence of retail stores,roads,cold storage centres, software industry and other retail supporting organisations.Walmart alone would employ 5.6 million citizens if it swell in India as much as their charisma in the USA and also if the staffing level is reserved at the same level as in the US stores. The accepted jobs in prospect Indian organised retail would total over 85 million. 4. Foreign players may practise dumping, get competition out of the way as they may become monopoly and raise prices? ACTUALITY: Since 30 years, over 350 global retail companies like Wal-Mart, Carrefour, Tesco, Coop etc with annual sales over $ 1 billion have operated in several countries. Competition between Wal-Mart like retailers has set aside food prices in check. Country like Canada credits its near to the ground inflation rates to Wal-Mart outcome. Price inflation in such countries has been 5-10 times lesser than price inflation in India. The consumer price inflation in Europe and US is less than 2% in comparison to Indias double digit Inflation.Anti- Trust Laws and State Regulations like in Indian penal code have prevented Food Monopolies all over the world. 5. Indians will work hard and foreigners will reap profits? ACTUALITY: With execution of 51% FDI limit in Multi Brand Retailing, just about half of the returns will remain in India as profits will be subject to taxes which will trim down the Budget Deficit of Indian Government. Eventually, retail companies will get returns all the way through hard work and by creating value. 6. Will Giant Retailers be able to avoid Pollution in terms of Carbon Footprints? ACTUALITY: This question has mix response as India is already reeling with managing environmental crisis. India would not be able to avoid polluting more with the advent of large scale retail chains in India and it would make even harder to meet global norms. According to a survey, the Net GHG( Green House Gas) emission of 2005 of major Retailers -Wal-Mart, Carrefour, Tesco collectively was about 20 million metric tonnes which is corresponding to the 80 most polluting countries in the world. SECTION IV: Views of the Major Players 1. What Indian Government say on FDI in Multi Brand Retailing? Inspite of lot of strong opposition on FDI in multi brand retailing, Indian government has been trying to counterfeit an accord on this extremely contentious issue, but several states still remain opposed to this idea. Till now only 10-11 Indian states and union territories like Delhi, Uttrakhand, Manipur, and Rajasthan etc have supported the centres decision to permit FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. Delhis Chief Minister, Shiela Dikshit stated that FDI in Multi Brand retailing will benefit the Indian economy in many ways. She further states that this proposal would help in improving infrastructure, reduce waste, minimize the role of middlemen, reduce food inflation, stabilize prices, improve Agro Commodities management address gaps relating to post harvest infrastructure. The Indian Government need FDI to meet its foreign exchange requirements and government also believes that only global retailers can satisfy the rising and varied demands of Indian consumers.FDI in Multi Brand Retail ing would improve the Agricultural Marketing, Revenue to the Government could also increase as large portion of Indian sector is unorganised and has low tax compliance. Profound FDI in the Multi-Brand Retail sector will upshot in gainful employment opportunities in agro-processing, sorting, marketing, logistics management and front-end retail management. In the next three years, minimum 10 million jobs will be produced in the retail sector. It will assist farmers to get prices over the MSP by omitting manipulative middlemen. MNC Retailers and Foreign Retail Giants will make certain supply chain efficiencies for incessant supply of the products. Policy to make an urge for investing minimum of $100 million and out of which at least half the amount must be invested in back-end infrastructure, including cold chains storages, refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing which would definitely help in condensing post-harvest losses and costs. A condition to acquire minim um of 30% of goods from Indian micro and small industry will promote domestic manufacturing, thereby creating a manifold outcome for employment, technology up gradation and income creation. At the World Economic Forum 2012 in Davos, Indias Commerce and Industry Minister Anand Sharma told Wal-Mart president Doug McMillon and Metro board member Frans Muller that Indias resolution to put foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail on hold was just a pause strained by opposition. He further stated that the government is committed to take forward the reform agenda as the Indian retail market has massive scope for growth and development but many Indian retailers face a crunch in terms of financial support and supply chain management.So foreign players can come in and help them. He also said that FDI in multi brand retailing will not only improve the quality of goods but it will also enhance competitiveness. He also made a statement that no state will be forced to put into practi ce FDI in Multi Brand retailing.Uttrakand Chief Minister Vijay Bahuguna also favoured FDI in Multi Brand retailing saying that availability of Cold Storages and Proper Marketing Facilities will reduce the damage to the Agri-Horticulture-Organic produce which would ultimately result in increase in the income of rural farmers. The Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia also totally favours opening up of the sector for FDI. Apart from Trinamool Congress the idea of FDI in multi brand retailing has been opposed by many other ministers and political parties. Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Jyotiraditya Scindia stated his view to the Rajya Sabha in written that without adequate safeguards FDI in multi-brand retail will lead to prevalent disarticulation and poor treatment of Indian workers in retail, logistics, agriculture and manufacturing. A written petition has been filed by Vandana Shiva, an NGO activist, in the Delhi High Court alleging that Bharti Wal-Mart and Bharti Retail are directly and indirectly carrying out retail trading in multi-brand in contravention of the FDI policy.BJP is also opposing entry of Foreign Direct Investment in multi-brand retail in the country on the ground that it will be an injustice to small traders.BJP leader LK Advani also said that sanctioning foreign brands to do retail trade in India is an injustice to retailers as it leave many small traders jobless.BJP P resident Nitin Gadkari stated that the countrys economic condition is in a sorry state because of UPA governments erroneous economic policies, crooked practices and visionless leadership. Former BJP National President Rajnath Singh claimed that, If FDI is introduced in retail sector; it will break the backbone of Indian economy. According to Mr Viren Shah, President of Federation of Retail Traders Welfare Association and Mr B.C. Bhartia, National Federation of All India Traders, with the Entry of Global Giant Retailers into Multi Brand Retailing, the interests of the small retailers would be compromised. 2. What Foreign Retailers say on FDI in Multi Brand Retailing? The President and CEO of Wal-Mart International, Mr Doug McMillon said at the World Economic Forums Annual Meeting that FDI in Multi Brand Retailing will not impact the fortunes of small shopkeepers. He further stated by giving an example that after 20 years of retail business in Mexico,50% of retailing in Mexico is still done informally and fear of shutting down of independent and kirana stores is overstated. He also admitted that operating in India would pose challenges due to Regulations and High Real Estate prices in India. According to the CEO of US based Discount Department FDI in Multi Brand Retailing will help address inflation concerns for consumers as well as it will benefit the farmers in India. SECTION V: Challenges and Threats to the Players Retail industry is the second largest employer in India and has remarkable growth potential and on the other hand foreign players have deeper pockets, ability and are in need to invest constantly to enlarge. In economies like china and japan,the retail industry are slowly reaching towards saturation point and many retailer are confronting increasing margin pressures.Therefore,global giant retailers are attracted towards developing economies like India which is mounting at a hasty velocity. Global retailers are interested to invest in India due to increasing urbanisation and favourable consumer base.FDI in multi brand retailing will generate employment opportunities, income, technology transfer and economic stability but still there are several factors like government regulations, lack of ample infrastructure and inadequate investments are the probable bottlenecks for retail companies. It may pose advantages as well as challenge for domestic retailer, foreign retailers and also for th e Indian government. Therefore some of the challenges and threats are listed below in this context. FDI in Multi Brand retailing may lead to large scale disarticulation of employed in retail sector due to unfair competition which may eventually result in mass departure of domestic retailers. The domestic retailers may not be able to endure in the ex-parte competition as the Indian retail sector especially organised is in an embryonic stage. The existing firms may mislay their self competitive potency if they join forces with global biggies. Any MNC going to set up a multi-brand retail store across India will have to countenance vast licensing obligations in each state of its operation which could be a major obstacle in the way of FDI in multi-brand retail, they will have to get approval for investment as well from the central regulatory authority which, at present, is the Foreign investment promotion Board (FIPB). The foreign players may encounter Red-Tapism as prior to investment approval their application has to pass through various transfer channels which is highly subjugated by bureaucrats resulting in impediment in decision making leading to disinterested corporate giants. Although there are number of anti-corruption cells and acts in India but still corruption could be a major obstacle for foreign investors. No doubt there is availability of cheap labour in India but most of them are unskilled therefore foreign investors may require to provide training and development to them to administer advance retail chains. In 2008-10, rigorous financial damage was caused to investors worldwide due to inflation but Indian economy remained modest affected because of partial open economy. But FDI in multi brand retailing would escort to persistent threats due to revolution in business cycles of global partners. Today India already has foreign debt, trade deficit and current account deficit which mean nearly all resources and transactions in India are owned or financed by Foreign Nations resulting in killing of Indian rupee due to Foreign Currency influence which can be witnessed in Rising Commodity Prices, Rising Fuel Prices and Rising Debts. FDI in retail may impact Indian small and medium Manufacturing sector which is already dented by China Products which will further them hurt. In current Inflation Stricken Economy, Indian Government need to be careful while permitting FDI in Muti-Brand Retailing as it fears to hurt the sentiments of Middlemen, Farmers and Owners of mom and pop stores. SECTION VI: Suggestions and Recommendations Being a controversial issue, no doubt Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Multi Brand Retailing is expected to transform the Indian Retail landscape in a noteworthy way. The global organised players would bring in the much needed investment that would incite the further growth of the sector which is particularly important for nourishment of some of the domestic retailers which lack requisite resources to ride out the storm during an economic slump. The technical know-how, global best practices, quality standards and cost competitiveness brought forth through FDI would portend well for the domestic players to harvest the necessary support to protract their growth. The infrastructure support would definitely help to improve the backend processes of the supply chain and enable to purge wastages and augment the operational efficiency.FDI in multi-brand retail would in no way imperil the employed in the unorganised retail sector. On the contrary, it would pilot to the conception of million s of jobs as substantial infrastructure capabilities would be needed to cater to the changing lifestyle needs of the urban Indian who is keen on allocating the disposable income. The numerous intermediaries would be restricted and the farmers would get to enjoy a bigger share of the pie. Despite of numerous advantages, this matter has been opposed by many political parties, small traders etc on certain grounds like it may have adverse impact on Agrarian Community, environmental issues, loss of jobs, creation of monopoly and so on. Political parties have opposed to this move pointing that it will be suicidal for small and marginal farmers and would affect thousands of traders in the sector.Hence, FDI in multi brand retailing is a conflicting and very sensitive matter, therefore the foreign retailers as well as the Indian government need to take rationale decision before implementing proposed reforms. So few suggestions and recommendations are listed below in this regard: The first basic step needed for reforming Indian retail sector is providing it an industry status which will not only facilitate better financial processes but also enable prudent practices. Policy clarification is required to authorize giant global players which will augment the confidence of the foreign investors and the sector should be opened for giant firms in calibrated manner. A serious revision of the labour laws is required to strengthen the retail industry. All laws should be suitably changed and reasonably modified. The government should provide a Single Window Clearance System which will rationalize license process allied with the establishment and administration of retail stores and a uniform license regim can be implemented in all the states. The government can create retail and entertainment zones (REZ) similar to SEZ and necessary exemptions like stamp duty, octroi etc could be provided to foreign retailers operating within them which will help in reducing prices. A tax incentive in the form of 100% deduction on expenditure incurred on the employment of fresh personnel and weighted deduction for payment made by retailers towards training and development to their staff in order to improve their expertise can be allowed. This will help in promoting employment in the retail sector. Government must assist in creation of farmer coopera

Evaluation Of A Netball Coaching Session

Evaluation Of A Netball Coaching Session The responsibility of a coach is to develop an athletes physical, technical, tactical and mental abilities. Moreover, their overall aim is to win in competition. As Martens(1987) suggests, one of the most important roles of the coach in competitive sport is to help athletes become more proficient in their performance. A good quality coach, meeting these criteria will be identified as superior. The media may play a role in developing a coachs portfolio focusing on their athletes wins and strategies. However, just focusing on wins/losses may prove to be limiting. There are many superior coaches who are not so well known and coach at a lower competitive level. Accordingly to Horne(2008)effective coaching is defined as, that which results in successful performance outcomes, wins/losses, self-perceived performance abilities or positive psychological response of the athlete. In relation to netball, by the coach adopting suitable leadership behaviour she is able to extract positive actions from the player to achieve set goals within competition/practice situations. As Bompa(1983)suggests, this role can include a wide range of tasks from sequential development/mastery of basic skills for beginners, to the more specialised physical, technical, tactical and psychological preparation of elite athletes. Subsequently, according to Horn(1992)the type of leadership behaviour exhibited by the coach can have a significant effect on the performance/psychological well being of the athlete. As Sherman,FullerSpeed(2000) states, athletes partaking in netball specified that positive feedback, training and instruction, together with democratic behaviour were preferred coaching methods to social support and autocratic behaviour. Coaching behaviours, therefore, are important; one tool to measure this is, the Coaching Behaviour Assessment System, LacyDarst(1985). Research on this aspect provides valuable information relating to leadership styles/feedback patterns and expectancy effects. However, it does not provide an insight into an athletes actual experience of being coached. As Valle,KingHalling(1989)suggests, in recent decades the definition of psychology was expanded to incorporate the study of both human behaviour/experience. Subsequently, the majority of research relating to coaching has focused on the behavioural/ordinary effectiveness, rather than the experimental/extraordinary greatness. When using these theories in netball the coach will need to be able to identify individual characteristics of particular players, including their strengths/weaknesses and apply them to differing conditions in order for them to meet their objectives. As Chelladurai(1978)states, effective coaching behaviour will vary a cross specific contexts as the characteristics of the athletes and the prescribed situation change. For an individual netball player to achieve improvement in athletic performance, it may be necessary for a particular coaching behaviour to be adopted to which the athlete is receptive. In netball training, it must be considered that a suitable coaching behaviour applied for one player may be an ineffective approach for another. According to Tinning(1982)a specific behaviour adopted by the coach may be more productive of certain outcomes than others. Again, the coach when reflecting on the team will need to tackle the varying needs and preferences of individual players. The coach may choose to implement either a homogenous approach, treating all the players equally, or alternatively create a heterogeneous style that gives differential treatment to individual players. Furthermore, it is paramount for the coach to be aware of the players coaching preferences in order to maintain motivation and enhance performance. According to ChelladuraiCarron(1978)if a coach adapts her behaviour to c omply with an athletes preference, the athlete may be more prepared to improve their overall performance. Another recognition of good quality netball coaching is The United Kingdom Coaching Certificate, which is an endorsement of sports-specific coach education. It ensures that the sport of netball is providing the best athlete centred coaching available in recreational, development and performance environments. It is a combined netball development between English/Welsh/Scottish netball amenities. It also encourages change in the structure/education within netball, by addressing the needs of the game by supporting the present/future players. It is a four level coaching structure, consisting of the following aspects: What the qualified coach is able to accomplish: 4 Design, evaluate and implement the progression/outcome of long-term/specialist coaching programmes 3 Plan , analyse, implement and revise annual coaching programmes 2 Preparation of, appraise and provide coaching sessions 1 Assist more qualified coaches, conveying aspects of coaching sessions to players, normally under direct supervision Table 1: Illustrates four level coaching structure The advantage of the UKCC is to enable the netball coach to acquire current qualifications and be adequately assessed. There are ongoing flexible resources available to accommodate/support individual coaches/players needs and environment, such as improved training/quality assurance. Furthermore, within a netball environment the UKCC will benefit the coach by providing them with UK recognised qualifications, coach centred training programmes and assist in enhancing their profile/skills. A systematic observation/evaluation of the selected sport of netball and surrounding coaching practices has been undertaken in order to evaluate the coaching process. In observing a particular training session, the qualities/weaknesses of the coach may be identified through evaluating the processes they put into practice. The data will also help to process why preparation is required to improve the session, game/players skills/motivation/confidence and set/meet aims/objectives. The level of competition at which the players are competing is County/National level. The gender profile of the team concerned consists of young female participants aged 18-21, with varying degrees of expertise/fitness levels. The coach, herself, is a 32 year-old female, with a good fitness level, eight years experience and a UKCC qualification at level 2. Data collated from questionnaires completed by the coach, player and an assessor has identified positive feedback factors together with aspects that need to be addressed. Figure 1.0 illustrates the analytical findings of the coach herself, the players experience and the overall assessment. The findings from the data suggest that the coachs self-assessment identified a shortfall in her preparation, communication/skill practice and gives her the opportunity to focus on these weaknesses. However, her assessment actually found her organisation skills to be very good, perhaps there is a lack of confidence in her actual ability. It also found her demonstration/skill practice to be of a fairly good standard, but with a little room for improvement. The data representative of the mean player, however, illustrates some problem areas, especially where communication, preparation and demonstrations are concerned. It is important for the player to feel confident in the planned session and easily understand the demonstrative skills, whether verbal/physical as this helps them to meet their goals and improve motivation. The information relating to the Assessors evaluation tends to suggest that organisation was of a very high standard, demonstration/skill practice and overall rating wer e too of a good standard, illustrating that the coach was quite enthusiastic in her approach to teaching. However, the areas of preparation/communication were identified as needing to be addressed. Improvements need to be made in preparing training sessions and ensuring equipment is adequate for the task. The coach also needs to learn how to communicate more easily both with other staff members/players. Therefore, the key areas requiring improvement are preparation/communication. The coach may need to learn new techniques relating to preparing training sessions to make them more interesting, effective/time-efficient. She may also need to adjust her method of coaching or leadership style in order to address varying individuals differently to improve communication amongst the team. The theory of coaching itself, is a form of leadership, identifying/pursuing objectives. Particular mention should be given to the training theory, although the principles of planning incorporate a degree of habitual traits and fashion, periodisation/training loadings, the principles themselves are based on physiological/biological theories. The second term refers to the generic aspects of coaching practice/ behaviour common to all sports coaching processes. Sports coaching should be understood as a process. As CrossLyle(1999)suggests, the coach relationship between athlete /coach, coaching practice/behaviour, and the training/competition elements are all essentials of the coaching process. The coachs overall role is to improve performance in competitive sport through acquired knowledge, organisation and planning/identifying goals. Therefore, from the assessments it is evident that the netball coach seems to have adopted an authoritarian leadership style, this being dictatorial in nature with the coach making all the decisions and the athletes responding suitably to commands. However, this approach does have disadvantages, defeat may be taken badly, sensitive performers may be handled inadequately/evident high sense of anxiety in players. This approach works on the assumption that as the coach has the necessary knowledge, experience and power, she should instruct the athletes and they should listen, absorb and comply with these instructions without retaliation. However, the model of a superior coach is to be able to communicate coaching actions/influences to the players and provide a stable environment in which to learn. They should be consistent training/relationships, be able to manage in a team environment such as netball and develop a working system. With an effective approach in place the players should know exactly what is expected of them and what they expect form their coach, allowing them to focus on their coachs actions/their own performance and overall development. Subsequently, the relationship between the coach/athletes needs to be robust enough to convey technical skills/mentoring from the coach to the athletes. Any developmental weaknesses should be able to be identified/enhanced through the appreciatio n of self/other awareness. This aspect is especially important within the sport of netball to provide an efficient, competitive game plan. A coachs performance, especially if high performance may be evaluated using athlete feedback. As Franks(2004)states, there is intrinsic feedback that athletes obtain through participating in sport à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.extrinsic feedback includes knowledge of results(outcome) and knowledge of performance (process). As seen in the observations, feedback seems to be somewhat restricted in certain areas. Obviously, this needs to be addressed in order to observe, monitor performance and correct any errors within the training session. As Martens(1997)suggests, use sight and sound in providing feedback. This is important as individuals learn in different ways some gain more from explanations, whereas others may need demonstrations. In netball this is paramount as it can illustrate how players may refine certain movements, such as passing/shooting. Cox(1991)suggests, verbal feedback is a vitally important issue in effective coaching. It may take several different forms, each of which reinforces players in a predictable fashion. As Cox(1991) points out, four questions in order to test effectiveness verbal feedback are required. These include, are the majority of statements to athletes of value, perhaps encouraging, is corrective feedback phrases negative or positive, when coaching numerous athletes is feedback given to an athlete so that the others can hear and finally, do I give feedback to my athletes whilst they are working and practising? As feedback within the netball observation is relatively poor between coach/players, to enhance this perhaps positive praise can be given to the players only when they understand the reason for it. Corrective feedback should also be phrased in a positive way and if there is any criticism to be made it is best for this to done individually so as not to expose a players weakness. Finally, feedback should be given immediately after performance, rather than during it. These methods will help improve performance without affecting motivation. Motivation is a key factor in netball as it helps to improve the players game, work and train hard to the best of their ability. If the coach is good at motivating her players they will want to play for her particular team. For good motivation this depends on who the coach is and what she actually does. Motivation can be an individual thing, some players may be motivated by the enthusiasm/caring nature of the coach, others by the desire to please the coach, but on the whole motivation is improved by a good communication relationship, the setting of goals and a vision for the future. As Wooden(2004)states, you should study/analyse each individual to find out what makes them tick, you can then get them under your control. Therefore the netball coach needs to motivate each player in the team. As stated in the theory of cognitive-evaluation DeciRyan(1985)and Vallerand et al(1987), this theory examines the relationship between intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, in particular the impact rewar ds upon behaviour and performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦athletes have two innate needs, to feel competent and self-determining in their activities (Finch,2002). The netball coach by giving her players more verbal/physical encouragement will increase their confidence and boost moral. According to Finch(2002),DudaTreasure(2001)the theoretical perspective on athlete motivation believes that attributions affect expectations of future success or failure and the emotional reactions of performers. By reflecting on various theories, the netball coach will need to give consideration to and improve her weak communication skills. The assessment of coaches is paramount to reflect on coaching skills and coaches can be assessed by using the Coaching Behaviour Scale for Sport(CBSS), Cote,Yardley,Hay,Sedgwick Baker(1999). The CBSS may be applied to an athlete at one or more points in time in invasive, competitive sport, usually around mid/end of season. Data collected during the mid season will provide useful feedback to the coach, allowing any issues to be addressed in the second half of the season. An end of season evaluation is also recommended. Ideally, the athlete will meet an independent Assessor to discuss the objectives of the evaluation. An athletes qualitative feedback relating to their coachs abilities to teach technical skills and set goals is important. As McKerman(1996)suggests, coach evaluations, must be an enquiry into ones own performance. One needs to have a set of questions in which answers are sought through a form of research into ones professional practice. Reflective practice allows a coach to appreciate varying styles/methods of coaching relevant to different individuals or age groups, an important factor in netball coaching. Therefore, without a reflective structure the coach would not be able to re-evaluate the training processes. As Pollard(2002)states, reflective teaching is applied in a cyclical process, where coachs monitor/evaluate and adjust their own practice. The netball coach obviously needs to reconsider her selection of relevant coaching styles to accommodate various individuals, especially those who require more independence/self-reliance to progress. A good netball coach should be able to encourage this aspect to assist those players who require to be interdependent. By communicating with a positive clear strong voice/praising where necessary, she should make her instructions/reinforcement easy to understand. This in turn will enhance team moral and performance. If a netball coach has necessary knowledge/experience she will be able identify any weaknesses within the team/game plan, reflecting on them accordingly. As Pollard(2002)states the importance of reflection within coaching, the process of reflective teaching supports the development/maintenance of professional expertise. Therefore, reflective practice demands a coach to honestly assess their own behaviour. Furthermore, reflective evaluation is useful in evaluating highlights where there are social needs within a sport, for example children. This is important when planning training sessions, in order not to overload. The coach will need to identify/supervise a player who performs differently to the norm. This should in fact be nurtured, as it may be a new artistic style to be developed in the future. Experimentation of ideas may unlock an individuals potential, however, the coach should remain decisive/positive in her actions. Failure to do so, may affect the confidence of a player and their faith in the coach. As Tolstoy(1861;1967)cited by Schon(1991)suggests, each coach must, by regarding every imperfection in the individuals comprehension not as a defect in his on instruction endeavour to develop in their selves to discovering new methods. Sport management needs to be applied in netball coaching. The assessment on the whole seems to highlight preparation/organisation to be of a relatively good standard. Organisation will often be influenced by environmental situations in which the coach is working/structures in place. However, problem areas are evident, these relate to preparation/time-control/verbal communication. Time-keeping by individual players/training sessions is a fundamental aspect in organisation as it helps keep structure in place. It seems the relevant training session was slightly disorganised and late to start, this may have had an overall influence on coaching demonstrations, as they may have been rushed to keep to a schedule As a manager, the coach will be responsible for developing team structure amongst the players and possibly developing the configuration of the support organisation too. Staffing involves the selection of players/assistant coaches/others to help the team achieve its goals, together with training, assigning specific duties and the provision of a working environment. Also, the netball coach will obviously be required to direct the team with good decision-making processes to meet objectives. Finally, she should be able to control the situation, by monitoring the process of achieving team goals via necessary adjustments as/and when required. In the planning process, the coach needs to distinguish what/and how she is going to teach her team. She should be able to recall characteristics of individual players in order to determine how much they can learn. As Martens(2004)suggests, this information may be acquired from previous training sessions and it is important to systematically evaluate the players on essential skills identified, in order to assess their starting point for instruction and how to personalise their training to maximise potential. The netball coach should also be well acquainted with rules and technical/tactical skills of the sport. To teach beginners, she ideally must have enough knowledge as is required to teach at professional level and there must be a strong understanding of the fundamentals. As Lyle(2002) suggests, the knowledge/skills of the coach is a key feature of the implementation of the coaching process, and the form/nature of the process are likely to be shaped by these capacities and the coachs personal characteristics/values. It is evident that the process requires direct intervention, strategic integration/ co-ordination and requires a distinctive set of skills/knowledge. As DeMarcoMcCullick(1997)states, expert coaches have a thorough knowledge of the sport they coach, team/player management, coaching principles/planning skills. The use of intuition in decision making tends to differentiate between expert/less expert coaches(Jones,2006). From the observations, there seems to be concerns relatin g to knowledge/skills of the coach. Some of these problems may result as a direct consequence of poor communication already identified. However, within the field of netball the coach may need to apply sport-specific skills by improving planning objectives. As Lyle(2002)suggests, improvement of sport performance is the central purpose of the coaching process and a detailed knowledge/understanding of performance is essential from target setting/prediction/monitoring progression to training programme design, planning strategy and tactics. With the balance of practice/competition management together with good planning, relevant feedback/communication, the original problems encountered may be improved. Obviously, the coach will need to be fully up to date with netball training techniques/competition requirements but consideration also needs to be given to the suitability of team members to the game, whether it is skill/fitness related and she should have the necessary interpersonal skill s to deal with this. As Lyle(2002)states, hereditary factors may set limits of performance. The quality of the coaching process will determine how close to those limits the athlete will reach. Once an understanding of how athletes learn and how relevant knowledge can be conveyed to the team the coach needs to focus on sport specific skills relating to netball and how to actually teach them. Firstly, the skill needs to be introduced by clear explanation/demonstration then put into practice and relevant feedback acquired to correct any errors. When introducing the skill the coach needs to do this with enthusiasm, expressed through words/actions, helping to make the topic interesting/productive. When she demonstrates a particular skill it should be performed as in a competitive situation, repeated several times and explained thoroughly to accommodate individualisation and varying learning attributes. As the coach has a UKCC qualification, she should have studied these areas during her training. However, if she requires further training she will be able to this under the scheme. Many players will express an appreciation of playing for good coaches who are honest, loyal and genuine, and also willingly serve in a variety of roles that go beyond the netball court. An individual coachs experience will emerge in many ways and most netball players have great respect for the veteran coaches. It does seem clear from the players experiences that it is not about what the coach does, but how she actually does it. As Gould,Guinain,Greenleaf,MedberyPeterson(1999)states, athletes view their coaches as teachers/mentors and friends. They also view their coaches as parental figures, Lidar,Lavyan (2002). The coach, herself, needs to relate to the players more through communicating performance information/player-roles/expectation/ individual goals and a team vision. The players are likely respond to direct, one/one comments and indirect methods. There are some variances in the validity of the results, this may be due to the effects of reflective coaching, coach/athlete may have been too lenient/harsh on themselves/others. The players may have reflected on past experiences and taken this into consideration when applying her information. Also, during assessment , environmental issues may have had an impact, or whilst the coach was assessed she may have enhanced her skills in particular areas, especially enthusiasm, however, she could not override the apparent discrepancies regarding preparation and communication. In conclusion, critical analysis and findings in the netball data obtained has characterised six major dimensions relating to the training session, and what the players relate to superior coaching. As HughesBartlett(2002)suggest, the objective analysis of sports performance must use clearly defined, relevant and valid performance indicators and the method of measurement must be demonstrated to be valid and reliable. These are, coach attributes, the environment in which they perform, the system/structures in place, good relationships between coach/players, their overall coaching actions and influences. One key point that materialised, was the importance of interaction and in this particular instance this seems to be limited. Obviously, when players first join a team, they familiarise themselves with their environment/structure/coach and hopefully a rapour develops between the coach/player, together with a feeling of unit reinforced with the teams dress attire. These aspects actually f orm the backbone of good coaching practice. Therefore, the exercise seems beneficial, as the evidence is suggestive of a lack of consistency in areas of her coaching. For future development and enhancement of overall performance the netball coach needs to focus on various attributes that compliment each other, such as interaction/relationships and communication.