Moral Theories: Kant and J.S Mill Essay

Throughout this paper, I will contrast and compare two moral theories in attempt to uncover what one provides a better argument and can be applied as a universal moral code. The two moral theorists Immanuel Kant and J.S Mill have created two distinctly different theories on morality and how to develop a universal moral code. Both theories focus on intentions and consequences. Kant believes that the intentions and reasons of our actions can be measured and defined as morally correct, where as Mill believes that our intentions really play no role in morality, and that we should focus on the consequences and outcomes of our actions to evoke the most happiness for the most people. Even though both philosophers make incredibly different points, each encompasses strong arguments as well as issues with their approach. However, Kant will be successful in articulating a better universal moral theory through the use of his categorical imperative. Immanuel Kant and his Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) attempts to uncover a universal moral principal for all to use. According to Kant, we aren’t only knower’s, we are also doers as we act and make certain decisions in the world. He wants to know what decisions we should make and how should we treat people in this diverse world. He contemplates the use of internal feelings of approval or disapproval to know when something is right or wrong, but deems there are many problems with this has feelings are always changing. Kant believes that goodwill and goodwill alone is good in itself without qualification. â€Å"Understanding, wit, the power of judgment, and like talents of the mind, whatever they might be called, or courage, resoluteness, persistence in an intention, as qualities of temperament, are without doubt in some respects good and to be wished for; but they can also become extremely evil and harmful, if the will that is to make use of these gifts of nature, and whose peculiar constitution is therefore called character, is not good.† (Kant, 1785) In this quote, Kant is saying that even though there are characteristics that are seemingly good such as intelligence and courage, if these things can be used for evil, they are not within itself without qualification good. So good will is the only thing good and is the basis of Kant’s moral philosophy. Essentially, Kant’s goes  on to explain that even if you produce a positive outcome with your action, if it lacked goodwill as an intention, it meets the criteria of a moral action, but is not good in itself. â€Å"The good will is good not through what it effects or accomplishes, not through its efficacy for attaining any intended end, but only through its willing, i.e., good in itself, and considered for itself, without comparison, it is to be estimated far higher than anything that could be brought about by it in favor of any inclination, or indeed, if you p refer, of the sum of all inclinations.† (Kant, 1785) Therefore it’s neither the outcome nor the effect of the action, it’s the inner state of the will itself that determines morality. Kant describes two types of imperatives that can be used to evaluate intentions. The first is hypothetical imperatives, which apply to someone who is dependent on having certain ends to the action. Example, a person may act in a certain way only to receive something in return. Kant’s Categorical Imperative is the one he uses to evaluate motives of actions. The categorical imperative is absolute, universal, unconditional commands and can be defined by â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law†. According to Kant, reasons and motives are everything and count far more than the action itself. If you act in goodwill, it is moral. Even if the action causes unintended harm, if it had good intentions and that alone, it is moral. I agree with much of his theory and how we ought to act in ways that only have the best intentions behind them by acting in goodwill. The problem with Kant’s moral theory is that, even though it is important and necessary to act in goodwill, to disregard a positive, good action just because it lacks solely good intentions is flawed in my opinion. Even though Kant does acknowledge that behaviour and actions that produce a good outcome or consequence is in fact aligned with morality, he believes if you do anything that benefits you is wrong. As a personal example, I volunteer and produce ‘good’ actions because not only do I know it is right, or the good thing to do, but it gives me a sense of purpose. I feel good putting people before myself. Some people will do nice things for others because it makes them feel good as well. In my opinion, if people love to help others and act in  ethically sound ways because it gives them a feeling of approval, and the action is causing a positive consequence, that should be moral. It should be a wonderful thing that mankind can actually have feel good chemicals run through there body when assisting humanity. Kant should take this into consideration that if we feel good acting in good ways, it is more likely to be sustainable. John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham have been recognized as the founders of Utilitarianism. Contrary to Kant’s moral theories, Utilitarian’s would disagree with most of Kant’s theory. While Kant believed that it is the intention of the action that should be recognized as moral or unmoral, J.S Mill and Bentham would say that it is in fact the outcome of said action that determines morality. Mill attempts to settle disputes about right and wrong with his theory of â€Å"Utilitarianism†, which is his moral theory that is based on the â€Å"greatest happiness for the greatest number of people†. Mill believes that actions are morally sound or unsound in proportion to how much happiness is produced. He defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain and believes that happiness is the sole basis of morality. Mill says that our actions have a teleological structure to them, and introduces the principal of utility, which states that actions are right as long as they promote happiness of pleasure, and are wrong is the actions tend to cause unhappiness or pain. However, Mill argues in his work that pleasure can differ in quality and quantity. Bentham offers a hedonistic calculus as a way of quantifying happiness or pleasure. He lists 6 hedonistic measurements as criteria; intensity, duration, proximity or remoteness, fecundity, purity and extent. Most of our society’s laws, rules and regulations can be compared to utilitarian principals as it very effective to think in terms of what is best for the greatest amount of people. Although Mill makes very good conclusions and has done a relatively good job at developing a universal moral code, there are some issues with his theory. The problem with J.S Mill’s Utilitarianism theory is that it is a moral based primarily on  happiness. The standard of happiness cannot be measured for everything and is much more complex than Mill expresses it to be in his theory. Not everyone’s definition of happiness will be the same, and in many cases, one person’s happiness is not the same as another’s. Therefore, there can be huge conflict depending on different people. Both moral theories have very strong points and in theory, can be used as universal moral principals. However, each argument from both Kant and the Utilitarian’s have problems with them and weak points. I personally believe that both theorists make good points. I agree with Kant in that morality is defined by intentions and that we ought to have goodwill and good intentions that follow the categorical imperative, however disagree in that if we do anything to better ourselves that it is no longer morally correct. With utilitarianism, I strongly believe that we should be looking out for the greatest good for the greatest amount of people, but strongly disagree with that personal happiness should be the measurement. As a selfish, entitled society, I believe that solely acting out of happiness could be detrimental to the well-being of the planet. In conclusion, I believe that Kant’s moral theory is the best. Even though our society can be deemed at utilitarian and Mill does make strong points, I personally believe that Kant’s morals, when applied and taken seriously, could become a solid universal moral code. Work Cited: Kant, Immanuel & Wood, Allen (2002). Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals. Retrieved from http://www.inp.uw.edu.pl/mdsie/Political_Thought/Kant%20-%20groundwork%20for%20the%20metaphysics%20of%20morals%20with%20essays.pdf Notes from class -Lesson on Kant -Lesson on Utilitarianism

Hershey’s Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility means supporting and strengthening the communities we are a part of. XXX Ltd is committed to maintaining the highest standards of corporate social responsibility in our business activities and dealings with our external and internal customers and the public on a whole. We are guided by the highest of ethical standards in our business decisions and relationships with others by carefully guard our reputation for â€Å"honesty, integrity and trust†. Our business is committed to providing quality products and services for our customers, clients, and business partners who we will treat fairly and with respect. We believe in fair play. Our word is our bond. We respect the rights and dignity of every employee and treat them fairly and without discrimination. We are tolerant of each other’s differences regardless of their ethnicity. We believe in team work, the sharing of knowledge throughout our organization, and recognize the contribution of every team member. We will offer our employees clear and fair terms of employment and provide resources to enable their continued development. We promote our philosophy by providing a healthy and safe working environment conducive to the well-being of our staff, and fostering an atmosphere of cooperation and harmony in the workplace. XXX Ltd is committed being a good corporate citizen, mindful of our responsibility to give back to the community in which we live and operate our businesses. Successive leaders of our Company have built on this tradition and we encourage our employees to serve their community and country through individual effort and through our XXX Ltd Community Development Foundation, and other organizations. Through the Foundation we make contributions in the areas of education, health, community outreach and the environment through our flagship program â€Å"LEARNING NEVER STOP†. This program offers scholarships for GSAT students across the island and is a key feature of the company’s website in the XXX Ltd â€Å"LEARNING NEVER STOP† tab, which shows all our updates. We recognize that we have a responsibility to the communities and countries in which we operate and will ensure that, in all our activities, by contributing to the safety and protection of the environment. Our Labour Day project 2013 was a massive â€Å"clean up and beautification project† program in Spanish Town, round about where the company adapt (park ). The company also donated two hundred and fifty thousand dollars (250,000. 00) to three primary schools for renovation. The XXX staff donned red to show support the Heart Foundation of Jamaica’s annual â€Å"Wear Red Day†. Representatives from The Heart Foundation of Jamaica along with our loving caring staff educate people through issuing of pamphlets. The foundation wishes to get more women to become aware of their risk for heart disease and promoting a heart healthy lifestyle.

Frankenstein Analysis

When a life is created, whoever has created such life would cherish it, care for it, teach it right from wrong, and nurture it for its life. A parent or guardian of a child would be held responsible for the acts their child commits, no matter if it be great or small. Victor Frankenstein took life into his own hands, moulded it, sculpted it, and formed a living creature from pieces of already deceased humans. Frankenstein, after successfully creating life, rejected his own creation, did not give any second thought as he abandoned his own Creature. From this rejection the Creature feels only rejection, he is not able to find acceptance where he goes and is filled with depression, turmoil, and great anger at his creator. From then on, the Creature goes down a destructive path, not knowing any better. As the creator, Victor Frankenstein should be responsible for the Creatures faults, rather than playing God and abandoning his creation within the first few moments of its life. From the Creatures first moments of life, it has suffered rejection of its own creator, and by every other person who comes into contact with it. Frankenstein deemed his creation and â€Å"his features as beautiful. Beautiful! †(43), yet when the creature first arouse, as life filled its once deceased body, Frankenstein wanted nothing more than to escape from the room that held his creation, and put everything he had done behind him, he had â€Å"rushed out of the room and continued a long time traversing [his] bed-chamber, unable to compose [his] mind to sleep†(44). Victor did nothing more than put it behind him, after months upon months of preparation and work. As the creator, Victor had some obligation to his creature; they were bound through this act of God. The Creature’s appearance threw off all whom he tried to get close to, all those who came into contact with him believed him to be a monster, nothing more. The Creature was believed to be evil, as if he were born evil, that the misery he suffers from was not what had caused him to become destructive, and vengeful. The rejection of all cause the Creature to become the evil Monster people believe him to be, he believes a small innocent hild can accept him for the way he looks and too is rejected, along with the rejection of the DeLacey’s from whom he learned how to live a human life. The constant rejection is what leads to the Creatures change from innocent new life, to a destructive monster, which could have been changed if Victor had taken responsibility for his own creation. If Victor had welcomes his creation with open arms, all events could have been avoided, there wo uld be no deaths and the Creature could have been a marvel to the world. Life is precious, to abandon a life is simple, Victor Frankenstein took the simple route out of his mistake, he did not take responsibility for anything his own creation did and only tried to put it behind him in his life, to ensure his own safety. The creature wandered aimlessly through his new life, becoming corrupt as his time passed. If Frankenstein had taken the time to realize what he had been doing while playing God he could’ve put an end to it all before any mistakes were made. A life, even as horrendous in appearance as the Creature, should be cherished.

Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Term paper - Essay Example One significant example of how one culture has absorbed musical styles from other cultures is jazz music. The role that has been played by blacks, creoles, and whites in the musical amalgamation that eventually came up with jazz music is a vital element in the development of the genre. African Americans in the South, as well as those living elsewhere in America, adopted many values held by their white counterparts. However, their musical style has remained inherently reflective of dichotomies that they faced as Americans living in the United States and these were absorbed into their music (Hardie 31). Slave music remained a distinctive cultural form for African Americans. African Americans had little distinction between sacred and secular music. They sang varieties of songs as spirituals and for work, just as their ancestors had done in Western Africa. Black music was never limited to any single tradition of music. While we tend to view black music in terms of all genres such as funk and other art forms, some of these genres are not informed by the reasoning that African American musicians treat their music as an oral art form rather than a written one. African Americans, living in a country that was, and in some cases still is, covertly and overtly hostile to them, attempted to accommodate these different cultures in the United States with the aim of speaking out (Hardie 32). They fit these cultures very well into their music, which allowed them to incorporate and learn a new repertoire that became acceptable as part of their music, especially in the initial stages of jazz and its formation. In the 20s and 30s, many producers were in the business of marketing race records, which allowed them the chance to target the black demographic and had more chance of making money (Hardie 35). African Americans were exposed to different music genres, and they played blues music rich with influence from performance by the creoles. Their music also had borrowed aspects from Haiti, Cuba, and Jamaica and came to be known as Afro-Caribbean music. This style included some ethnic styles borrowed from the Spanish Creole, the French Creole, Germans, and the Cajun. A situation also arose where African Americans played jazz and folk music, sharing a repertoire of music with their counterpart White Americans (Hardie 35). Many locations in New Orleans, by the year 1940, consisted of an increasing population of citizens born outside the United States. In this city, the brass wind ensemble of the 1840s, for example, the Richmond Light Infantry Blues was enlisted in Southern America together with Allen’s Brass Band (Hardie 36). Some of the American states had a society that allowed free slaves. This allowed a few slaves and freemen to earn special a reputation and recognition as musicians and performers in the nineteenth century. Such artists included legends like Anthony Jackson and Klondike. Others included such Southern artists also Roland Hayes and Willi am Grant, as well as female performers including Chieppie Hill and Bessie Smith. This list also extends to the Mississippi Urban Blues singers like B.B. King and Muddy Waters (Hardie 36). There were also the buck dancers and reels of banjo pickers and slave fiddlers that had evolved from Northern Mississippi’s fife drum bands, New Orleans’s brass bands and the Charlestown and Memphis based jug bands evolved into the early

Commenting on discussion forum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Commenting on discussion forum - Essay Example To the contrary, his family cheerfully accepts him as he plays the function of a mother substitute nursing his family. The movie, â€Å"The blossoming of Maximo Oliveros,† demonstrates that gay life does not necessarily follow preordained patterns or preconceived ideas. Maximo undergoes transformation, but with little suffering, which is not in the manner in which casual viewers might anticipate. Contrary to most films, the family does not appear to undermine personal preferences such as gender. The dichotomy between gender and sexuality can be regarded as significantly interchanged within the film. The film, The blossoming of Maximo Oliveros, can be considered to place a positive reinforcement of homosexuals into perspective. The film depicts the stereotypical and real lives of gays in good light, especially regarding gender reassignment and cross-dressing. The film, The blossoming of Maximo Oliveros, mirrors cultural acceptance of homosexuality within Philippines. The treatment of homosexuality is distinct and refreshing, and the film does not resort to stereotypes at the expense of gay characters. One of the film’s most interesting aspects relates to the portrayal of the possibility that effeminate homosexuals can live relatively peacefully in the slums. The film depicts that the general mood in Philippines regarding homosexuality situated between tolerance, amusement, and acceptance; however, this does not necessarily mean that the Philippines is immune from the spurts of homophobia (Roces and Grace 61). The film demonstrates the easiness of accepting others who are diverse from the norm as long as they build a bond. The Filipino film industry has grown over the years and is increasingly embraced by the world. Presently, the film industry criticized as â€Å"poorly made† in the description of quality of films been produced. Filipino needs to embrace new genres and add innovation in the

A close reading of Life is a dream by Pedro Calderon De La Barca. What Essay

A close reading of Life is a dream by Pedro Calderon De La Barca. What does this tell you about the nature of Spanish society, about its values, social mores, expectations, political culture - Essay Example jailer of Segismund said in the play, â€Å"Dreams are rough copies of the waking soul.†1 Therefore, what people dreamed about was not necessarily in vain. They were having dreams for a reason. With the idea that life was a dream, De La Barca was playing with notions of whether the consciousness present in life actually existed in Golden Age Spain. De La Barca, in his play, predicted that Segismund would one day grow up to revolt against his father the King. In chaining Segismund to the floor in a prison, he thought that he could keep his son sequestered, far enough away so that he could not hurt the King. However, this sense of fatalism that the King had felt in terms of his son growing up in the future to one day kill him, scared the King so much that he decided to do something about it (by chaining up his son). However, as one shall see, the idea of fatalism is a key Spanish value that we shall examine in the next portion which we will be reading. Spanish values included an unshakeable sense of fatalism, as Segismund speaks about the illusion and reality present in life—a dualism, if one will. He also speaks of the inevitable end of the world with precocious wit, intimating with a fatalistic sense that his suffering is only temporary. The Spanish people also believed very much in destiny (â€Å"el destino†) and how it related to their outlooks on life. Believing in destiny, many people in Spanish culture had the specific idea that one was supposed to be somewhere at a specific time in order to fulfill their destinies. As Segismund describes in this soliloquy, With the idea that values were important in Golden Age Spain—as well can one imagine—also important was the idea of having social mores. These were prescriptive ideals which were vanguards of the values of the people, which will now be discussed at length. Spanish social mores in the Golden Age were very strict. That is why the King warned Segismund once he approached the kingdom with

Proposal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Research Proposal Example (a) Horizontal dimensions, and (b) Extended uniform setbacks. The analysis is conducted using total 24 two-dimensional five-story, five-bay MRSF models that cover all possible combinations of the vertical and horizontal dimensions of uniform setbacks. The effects of irregularities and variations in elastic demands, in response to earthquakes, will be investigated and compared through; (a) Modal properties (b) Elastic base shear strength demands (c) Elastic story shear strength demand (d) Global displacement demands (e) Story drift demands (f) Elastic multi degree of freedom systems (MDOF) modification factor. Variation in these parameters is determined using accepted linear static and dynamic procedures. During the study, the variation in inelastic capacities will also be evaluated and compared through; (a) Base and story yield shear strengths (b) Global and story ductility capacities (c) Failure mechanisms and ultimate strengths (d) Inelastic seismic design coefficients such as; structural ductility factor (), ductility reduction factor (R), structural over-strength factor () and their distributions using nonlinear static procedure, namely push-over analysis. The limitations and adequacy of each analysis procedure in predicting demand and capacities of buildings with specific amount of irregularity will also be evaluated by comparison with the results obtained from "exact" nonlinear time-history analysis procedure. The study is expected to define, 'limit states' of uniform setbacks, for the application of each procedure determining seismic demands and capacities. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Motivation of the study Design of a building with vertical geometric... (d) Inelastic seismic design coefficients such as; structural ductility factor (), ductility reduction factor (R), structural over-strength factor () and their distributions using nonlinear static procedure, namely push-over analysis. The limitations and adequacy of each analysis procedure in predicting demand and capacities of buildings with specific amount of irregularity will also be evaluated by comparison with the results obtained from "exact" nonlinear time-history analysis procedure. The study is expected to define, 'limit states' of uniform setbacks, for the application of each procedure determining seismic demands and capacities. Design of a building with vertical geometric irregularity to resist earthquake loads is a challenging problem that structural engineering needs to overcome early in the conceptual design phase.

Business Planning and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Business Planning and Development - Essay Example The market that we were targeting is broader one. We served the customers with the uniqueness and quality rather than offering them with lower price (Business Dictionary, 2011). The company offered quality and features that were acceptable and valued by the customers. The advantage that the company encountered due to differentiation strategy is the uniqueness among other available products. Now a days people prefer uniqueness even if they have to pay a little extra for it. For this strategy we trained the production team and sales department for creating innovative products and properly market the products. The difficulties that the company faced were that the rivals copied the style and design and offered it at a lower price. This affected our market position and resulted in lesser customers and market share. The other difficulties that our company faced were due to the sales and production teams (Murray, 1988). The differentiation strategy highly depends on these two departments. I f these are strong and reliable the company will flourish. That is why the company hired consultant and increased its production units. The company also got facilitated by the advertising strategy. This helped the company in having greater sales and profit. The company overcame this difficulty by offering quality and services that were worth buying. The biggest challenge for our company was to provide unique services to the customer and to satisfy maximum number of customers (Strategic Management, 2010). In achieving this target, we have competed with the rivals and reflected our decided strategy with our actions and products. The future prospects of the company are to enhance its targeted market and to provide the customers with larger variety and styles. The customers are concerned with the styles and prices of the product. We want to work on it to further collaborate with the customers in providing them products of their choices (Porter, 1997). For achieving this goal, the compan y would have to increase its production and manufacturing units. The company will need the services of more distributors and consultants. For the sake of sales and production enhancements, the company has to bring in more assets and operating resources. As discussed earlier, to achieve these goals the company has applied for loan to expand the finances and resources. The more the company has opportunities for increasing the production units and sales, the more the company can earn profit and efficiency. The target for setting up this system is to increase the sales and profitability. The biggest trade off in this policy is the low cost versus high cost. The benefit that the company may get due to the expansion of production units is the profit and sales. When the company offers a product with extra features at a higher price, only limited number of customers by it. In contrast to this, the people buy products which are cheaper in rate and are imitated products. The company should ha ve enough resources that if the company does not achieve more than it has estimated, the company can recover the loss. The companies offering lower prices can b difficult to tackle but if the customers are loyal the company can gain profit and credibility. For the establishment of this business, I have sacrificed a lot. On a personal note, the commitments that I had to make include the sacrifices of one’s own needs. We have to fully commit and surrender our lives for the establishme

Friedrich A. Hayeks Individualism and Economic Order Summary Essay

Friedrich A. Hayeks Individualism and Economic Order Summary - Essay Example The themes used by the writer indeed became the central ideas around which the entire book, which is actually made up of a collection of writings was written. Four of these basic ideas are summarized below. Facts and Fallacies of Individualism The economist holds a basic idea that individualism, and for that matter social order is neither a fact nor a fallacy but that it is both a true and false. First, the economist writes to associate individualism more to be a social order whereby regardless of the fact that people are expected to behave and react in a certain individualistic manner to meet their economic needs of life, they are at the same time obliged to act according to the larger interest of society. From this perspective, the economist goes on further to give vivid reasons why individualism and for that matter, the social order could be considered to be false. The explanation given is that â€Å"in social matters, one does not adhere to fixed principles but decides each ques tion "on its merits"; that one is generally guided by expediency† (Hayek, 1996, p. 1). Invariably, the writer is implying that no individual would be robotic to economic principles even when those principles deny him food on his table. This is what makes individualism true because people function economically according to the dictates of their conditions. On the other hand, there is a justification given as to why individualism and economic order could be true. With this, the economist explains that â€Å"principles, have a way of asserting themselves even if they are not explicitly recognized but are only implied in particular decisions (Hayek, 1996, p. 1).† In other words, even if a person defies the provisions of economic principles, the core values of these principles remain a fact and thus true. The use of Knowledge in Society In the second theme and basic knowledge explicitly outlined by the economist, he visits the availability of knowledge and the use of it ther eof in modern society. Whiles doing this, the economist related economies to social science by making the assertion that the provisions that make social existence possible form the basis of rational economic order (Gabby, 2005). To this, the economist emphasizes the point that what society really needs to manage its rational economic order is logic. By logic, the economist talks of using common sense presented at the individual stage of getting things worked out for a person. A clear sense, therefore, an endorsement is made by the writer of individualism as a fact by raising the point of logic. The economist further throws light on the fact that the logic needed to make things work out for individual entities within society comes about as a result of making use of available information, and thus knowledge.

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Operation management - Essay Example A comparison of Toyota and IKEA has highlighted that different companies have different styles of working and operating the end results of these can have a different affects on the business. It is clear that although the companies have different styles of working and different approaches to almost every decision making in the company, the success levels of the two companies has been recognized and known world – wide. In terms of the strategy the two companies have been recognized to be very different as Toyota has relatively much lower options of products but IKEA on the other hand has many products hence the costs of the company is also relatively quite high. Considering the innovativeness of the companies, the two companies need to have equally high levels of innovativeness. The two companies have also concentrated on the quality levels which in turn leaves the two companies highly successful. The redesigned process flow chart helps ensure that the customers are satisfied and there is a complete level of an effective and efficient process rather than having a process which seems very confused. In conclusion it is safe to say that the continuous improvements like that suggested by all authors, the companies will be able to have much better, effective and efficient quality management programs in the workplaces. Quality is one of the most essential aspects of every business and the success of a b usiness is directly impacted by the quality of the processes, products and services. Hence it is essential for businesses to recognise and choose the right theory to be applied for the business or the right combination of the various theories that will benefit the

The Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Art History - Essay Example Michael Heizer was in fact the original mind behind the idea of the double negative sculpture that attracted significant attention from the public and other players in the field of art. His creation of the complex 1 was another contribution to an idea that already existed and set into practice in the history of Native America. The work on the complex 1 typically reflected the method of house construction in the traditional Native American society and the structure of the cities historical cities found in the Central and Northern America. The double negative and the complex 1 city created by Michel have played great role in expanding the understanding of art. Michael’s works and creation demonstrate the possible interrelationship existing between architectural works and the simple art. It then becomes apparent that architectural work also constitutes art as it involves creation of new and unique structures ever thought about in the world. Double negative and complex 1 sculpture purposefully encourage and persuade artists concerning limitless creativity and the practicality of perform art in the external environment outside the museums (Russel). The double negative and the complex 1 city are furnished with beautiful colorations that have increasingly created the perception and understanding of the structures as artistic works rather than plain architect. The interior of parts of the complex 1 has well formed projections and partitions that just depict the powerful artistic mind behind their creation. The walls of the double negative valley are systematically and stylistically cropped to create very attractive images. The double negative sculpture in its own identity and form is very symbolic of the mass of soil removed from the earth to create space bordered by two standing cliffs. The symbolism created by double negative could also mean going back. From the perspectives of American history, many societies that lived in the 18th through to 19th century wer e unanimous with discrimination and prejudice that somehow reduced towards the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In the mid 20th century, the initial elements of discrimination and prejudice begun to spread once again in the American society. Double negative could perhaps been created to message the American society about the negative steps they made by being sensitive to an ill and unethical aspects of discriminati

Black Panther Organization Essay Example for Free

Black Panther Organization Essay The African American people, living in the United States of America, are one of the minority groups in the country that experience terrible situations wherein they are marginalized. This group of people have been often targeted by acts of violence, racism, bigotry, unfair treatment and other acts of injustice. Every once in a while, there are selected individuals who fought for the cause and the rights of the African American people, individuals like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are familiar names from the black Left. It also included â€Å"radical black theologian James Cone, left-wing black civil rights activist James Forman, left-wing black sociologist Robert Allen, 1960s radical black essayist Julius Lester, and James Boggs, black worker-socialist writer and activist (Mc Cartney 133). † Standing shoulder to shoulder with these individuals who contributed largely to the advancement of the African American cause is one of the very prominent groups that became the vanguard that defended, protected and advanced the cause of the African American people as an organization. And this is the Black Panther. This paper is focused on discussing several important aspects about the Black Panther as a political organization that influenced the society as much as it influenced its individual members, in the process of establishing the social prominence and influence that the group managed to create for itself since its creation and during the time before it declined to power and social clout. The Black Panther History To be able to understand the Black Panther Party better, it is important to know how the organization started, what prompted the formation of the group, how it rose to social prominence, how it managed to recruit more members and grow in numbers, the goals and ideas of the Party and how it eventually affected the society. While there are historians who would talk about the chronological development inside the Black Panther Party to attribute to the beginnings of the party, there are those who will explain the beginnings of the party in different manner. They explain how the party was a result of the efforts of some of the people who believed that it is about time that a group is organized. There is an organized approach towards fighting the social injustice that the African Americans in the country are facing. While other historians point to the date, the founding father of the Party and other data to establish the roots and early beginnings of the Party, others simply refer to the beginnings of the party as more of a collective reaction by the people who cannot take the social injustice and oppression any longer. â€Å"It grew out of the social evils of an unjust, oppressive system (Seale 3). † Some believed that the creation of the Black Panther Party was a product of a necessity. While others believed that the creation of the group was a result of a calculated scheme undertaken by the founder and early leaders of the group. They foresaw the change coming in the national and international social spheres and saw that such a group with the intentions like the Black Panther party has the potential to prosper and be an important social institution (Seale 3). Others merely believed that the birth of the Black Panther party traced its roots on similar vein like equally radical group which broke away from the original nationalist organization and decided that it was best to create a group which is more radical to achieve more concrete actions and results; considering the party as something created after the â€Å"split† that happened in the ranks and in the strategy of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or the SNCC (Simpson, Yinge 424). â€Å"While it was, at the same time, a very strong sign that a part of the nationalist movement is moving towards radicalizing its actions, its beliefs, its tenets and other aspects of the organization design to accomplish social change (Simpson, Yinge 424). † The Black Panther Party officially became an organization after founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale created the organization on October 15, 1966. It started with the name Black Panther Party for Self Defense. This is because the main thrust of the organization was the protection that the African Americans desperately need during the time when most of them believed that they are defenseless from the racist attacks on them. This attack was done by white police officers who came to symbolize the role of the main oppressors in the ideals of the group that would be later known via its shorter name, The Black Panthers Party (Simpson, Yinge 424). The Rise The rise of the Black Panther Party was attributed to the time immediately after the foundation. Most historians noted that the rise of the group to social prominence happened sometime in the late 60’s and in the early 70’s (followed soon after wards by the steep decrease in popularity halfway through the 70s). The rise to prominence was attributed to the efforts, success and concrete actions that the group has undertaken and achieved through the relatively short influential period that the group had. Many people believed in the ideals of the group, especially the ten-point program and the belief of the leaders that there is no reason why people from different racial background can’t get along with each other. This was the idea that the Black Panther and its leadership was trying to put forward. Because of the admirable ideology, many supported the group, allowing the group to rise to fame and prominence especially in cities, states and neighborhoods where Black Panther Party chapters are visible and active (Lazerow, Williams 84). The Black Panther Party was successful in achieving prominence because of its presence in many affairs that made them a household name. Soon, people were already aware of the Black Panther party, especially after numerous incidences with the police and the very active radicalism and activism that the group is not afraid to show in the streets. They were part of the consciousness of the masses, may it be the white or the black. The media and the press contributed to the growth of the Black Panther Party by talking about it in the newspaper, in the television and in the radio (Jones 41). The mass communication tools paired with the word of mouth improved the reputation of the Black Panther party and communicated to the people who they are and what they want to do. This act of reaching out to the people and reaching out to the government through violent and non-violent actions gained nationwide support and catapulted the organization into new and greater heights never experienced before by the Black Panther Party (Jones 41). An important note that serves as proof of the rise of the Black Panther Party in the society is the rise of the position of the organization particularly in the American left wing movement during the height of its social influence. Many believed that there was actually a time that the Black Panther Party was the leading organization that controls the leftists in the country, that the group is actually armed with a high level of clout and influence to go with a high number of Party members including soldiers who are armed and are willing to resort to acts of violence through the use of lethal force to defend its claims and social rights which it believed was, for the longest time, denied to them (Simpson, Yinger 424). â€Å"For about five years, the left wing of the black protest movements was occupied by the Black Panthers. Reference to the period when they were subjects of public attention and controversy may be of value in suggesting some of the consequences of harsh confrontation as a way of trying to increase interracial justice (Simpson, Yinger 424). † Even if the authors believed that the Black Panther Party ruled the American left for half a decade, their influence and role in the civil protest action for the African American rights and privileges extended a few more years before the perceived height of their power and a few years later leading to the decline of the influence of the organization. The Fall But just like any other good thing, the fervor that was the flame of the organization was soon consumed, and just like any other organization, the Black Panther Party was vulnerable to internal strife and external pressure. There are those who believed that a large part of the fall of the group was attributed to the negative publicity that the group had during the time when its founder Huey P. Newton was put under trial after he was apprehended as a suspect for manslaughter. Of course, there was also other internal instability that contributed to the collapse of the organization. With the changes that are happening inside and outside of the party and how the party was responding to it in return, it became clear through the signs that were displayed by the Party and its members that it would not be long before the group completely loses the breadth and depth of public support, social prominence and popularity that it once had, leading to the chapter in the life of the Black Panther party known as their fall from social prominence. One day, the group stopped becoming the leader of the American revolutionary left (Jones 286). Another possible reason why the Black Panthers lost its influence and power and the hold of the sympathy of the masses is because it disintegrated from within and imploded eventually. It was because of the problems that the Black Panther Party has to face internally, particularly the friction that was created after some of the women members asserted more and more power and influence and tried to be independent and authoritarian individuals themselves. It resulted in the subjugation of some of the male members of the Party, a development which is not in line with the thinking and dogma of the Party (Jones 286). â€Å"It is female chauvinism and Black womens complicity in the castration of Black men primarily through the receipt of an alleged economic advantage that destroyed relationships and families in the Party and elsewhere (Jones 286). † What happened was an ironic and odd twist of fate. In the pursuit of equality and justice, the Black Panther Party made it a point that inside the group no, form of injustice would happen. That is why, they did not try to undermine or put the women members in a lower echelon. But this move proved to be one of the sources of confusion because some women had a distracted and distorted view of the essence of women empowerment inside the party, living the Party ideals about women members somewhat differently and counter to what the male Party members expected of them (Jones 286). â€Å"Obviously influenced by the pseudo-historical analysis of Black woman as domineering matriarchs and was seemingly unaware (or unconvinced) of the revised Party rhetoric highlighting the significance of revolutionary comrade sisters to the movement (Jones 286). † Perhaps, the most notable reason for the fall of the Black Panther Party aside from allegations of internal strife, the participation of its members in illegal activities and the negative image it has been generating through continuous acts of violence directed against law enforcement agents some of whom are fellow African Americans is the trial and eventual death of Newton. Newton was considered as a charismatic, intelligent and powerful leader that held the group strongly together during his time. But when he started losing control of the group, the group faltered and failed (Mc Cartney 133). â€Å"Newton was undoubtedly the most forceful, the best-known, and the most ambitious theorist-practitioner of left-wing Black Power, and for these reasons alone his profile is a small-scale representation of the entire Black Power left (Mc Cartney 133). † The Ideas There is a saying that the leader or founder of the group and what he or she stands for greatly describes the ideas and the general ideologies of the group. In the case of the Black Panther Party, understanding the ideas of the groups can be made by understanding its founder Huey P. Newton. Analysts believed that Newton symbolized what the group is all about, including the leanings of the group towards what John T. Mc Cartney explained as counter-communalism or the idea that the civil rights advocates demanded not a separation by the African Americans from the rest of the US, but a change in the system that can improve the lives of the African Americans in the country (Mc Cartney 133). This was one of the important aims of the organization and its founder represented what the group was aiming for. â€Å"In the 1960s, certainly the most visible, if not the most articulate, advocate of Counter-Communalism was Huey P. Newton, the leader of the Black Panther Party (Mc Cartney 133). † The Goals and Aims The main goal and aim of the group is to influence social and political spheres. The leadership provides sufficient and equal attention to the needs of the African American population and not subject this particular minority group in further acts of discrimination and marginalization. The Black Panther Party, like any leftist group, talked about giving the people what they deserve, what they need, what was deprived of them in the past, what they need in the future, pressuring the government to yield to their demands and using the power of the strength of their number as leverage to gain prominence and voice that can help the government hear their demands and act upon these demands efficiently and in a just and satisfying manner (Simpson, Yinge 424). The Black Panther Party, no doubt, was a different group compared to the other groups for African American civil rights advocates that came before. After its time, historians, critics and analysts believe that at some point, the Black Panther Party, despite its reputation for violence and police clashes, also shares some similarities with other groups, organizations and movements in the US that looked after the welfare of African American. One of the similarities that the Black Panther party shared with other groups is the aim which the Party and the other organizations wanted to accomplish (Simpson, Yinge 424). Although there are little differences, all in all, the aim of the Black Panther party was very much similar to the aims of the nationalist movement and groups in the US during the time of the Black Panther Party. â€Å"The aims of the Black Panther were similar to those of other Black Nationalist groups, except perhaps for the explicit demands that the government furnish jobs and decent income for all (Simpson, Yinge 424). † The Members The Black Panther Party is composed of male and female African American sympathizers and activists. They recruited heavily. The group was full in ranks in no time, establishing its presence in areas that included Los Angeles, Chicago, New York and other key cities and states. These same locations are where the group’s newspaper which goes by the same name was printed in large scale and heavily distributed for information dissemination. Like any other organization, the Black Panther assigned individual and group tasks. The duties and responsibilities of each member were, in detail, different from each other but in scope similar since they all worked to achieve one single goal (Lazerow, Williams 37). The higher echelon members of the Black Panther Party membership were the ones responsible for the role of the party as a spokesperson of the African American communities who, prior to the creation of the Black Panther Party, was speechless and was not heard by the local and national leaders. Some of the members of the party were tasked with gathering information about the grievances of the African American communities; while some are tasked in double checking these facts so that they are credible and real (Lazerow, Williams 37). The leaders of the group are the ones who present this information to the government officials who are responsible for the different aspects of the grievances that the African American citizens are laying out for the government to address and take action on. â€Å"Party activists also defined their anti-colonial politics in terms of pushing onto the municipal political agenda the concerns of local residents who needed jobs, better health care, improved schools, and repaired streets (Lazerow, Williams 37). † Contrary to the belief that all Black Panthers did was instigate and involve themselves in violent protests, they also have political maneuvers that included talks with leaders so that reform is achieved. An important characteristic of the Black Panther Party members is its role not just in activism but also in pro-active vigilance. At the time of the rise of the Black Panther party to prominence, the lives of most African American (particularly male) involves violence, sometimes resulting from individual or gang-related violence or even from acts of violence committed by white police officers and law enforcement units (Lazerow, Williams 37). The Black Panther Party tried to answer and remedy this problematic situation by actively moving towards police monitoring of acts of harassment and unjustified physical assault towards African Americans. This is a part of the overall strategy to remove the presence of injustice in the country which is centered among African American minorities and is reflected through acts of wanton violence and unchecked aggression by the white police officers towards African American males (Lazerow, Williams 37). â€Å"The Panther’s famous ‘policing the police’ drew attention to the spatial remove that white Americans enjoyed from the state violence that had come to characterize life in black urban communities (Lazerow, Williams 37). † The members of the Black Panther Party were unafraid to go head-on with the white cops. Their boldness somewhat pushed the white cops back to a more acceptable sense of self control and self regulation. This is an important victory for the Black Panther Party and its members. The Effects they had on Society The Black Panther Party became popular and significant not just because of how the party managed to recruit so many members in a short period of time. More importantly, it became prominent because whether the detractors of the Black Panther Party accept it or not, the organization managed to accomplish something and actually had significant influence in the society especially during the height of its power. It convinced many people to believe and join their cause, which lead to the creation of a Black Panther Party that is filled with many members who are idealists who finally found an organization to which they can affiliate themselves with and actually expect to do something concrete about the current situation of African Americans in the US (Rabinovich, Reinharz 235). Perhaps one of the important social relevance that the Black Panther Party achieved and what other people actually believed they did was the ability to identify important points of concern present inside the society; one of which is the pertinent and relevant information concerning the presence of discrimination in the particular localities where localized Black Panther Party units operate. Wielding credible information, and managing to send this information not just to the authorities who need to do something about it who should do something about it but to the public who needs to know about it and who is inspired and at some point agitated by what they learned from the Black Panther Party, is one of the things that it managed to effectively do especially during the height of its power and social prominence. â€Å"The Black Panthers of Detroit or Chicago had no difficulty in pinning down the exact points at which there is discrimination (Rabinovich, Reinharz 235). † In some ways, what made the Black Panther different is its synthesis of many different aspects that involved the left-leaning movement that it has managed to assemble and establish (Rabinovich, Reinharz 235). The Black Panther has taken key concepts from the past and the future and moved from national to international analysis of social issues that made them a significant group during their time and in the height of the groups power and social influence. â€Å"By reclaiming the tradition of black radicalism that the Cold War had suppressed and linking it to the concrete concerns of black communities, the Party joined the black rights struggle in the United States to a global analysis of capitalism and imperialism (Lazerow, Williams 37). † The Black Panther Today But despite the presence of Black Panther and the task that it set about in accomplishing, oddly, the Black Panther itself as an organization was nonetheless victimized by the same problem that it is trying to solve to have the African Americans be treated equally as how the society treats the white American citizens during its time. Then, and now, the Black Panther experienced the stigma of the African American people which it represented. Proof of which is the fact that the Black Panther as a group was still viewed or presented by the media and the rest of the society in a way that sometimes creates misconceptions about the group. Due in some part because those which talks about the Black Panther, like the media and the historians, somewhat leaned towards white Americans. That is why even now, several African American historians, writers and critics still make it their responsibility to ensure that the contemporary public is correctly informed. IT is because of the belief that there are many anti-Black Panther and anti African American propaganda that circulated in the past which may have influenced the thinking, attitude and perception of the modern day people about the Black Panthers. â€Å"There are a lot of misconceptions about the Black Panther Party. I wanted to write this book so people could have a better insight into the inner workings of the Party, so that people would have a more true understanding of the Black Panther Party what it really does, the kind of people who are in it, their everyday lives, the things that have happened to the Party (Seale, p3). † Conclusion The Black Panther Party will always be an important name in the analysis of the different US-based African American social rights advocacy groups. In retrospect during the height of the influence of the Black Panther Party in the society, it can be noticed that the Black Panthers became a success and earned the sympathy of the people because of what it managed to accomplish, what it managed to integrate in its essence as the group improved and developed through the years, what it managed to include in its collective fight for the cause and need of the African American people in the US. The group touched concrete and critical layers of social concerns especially those which affected the African American people. It managed to balance political dialogue with immediate and simplistic social needs without being vague or general. The group proved critical as well as constructive in their pursuit of answers and in providing solutions that can benefit the African American citizens. â€Å"At the heart of the Panthers’ anti-colonial politics was an analysis of the relationship between urban black communities and the post-war American metropolis and a critique of the concept of liberal free markets in urban property, employment, and housing, on the other (Lazerow, Williams 37). † Works Cited Jones, Charles E. Black Panther Party Reconsidered. Black Classic Press, 1998. Lazerow, Jama and Williams, Yohuru. In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Duke University Press, 2006. McCartney, John T. Black Power Ideologies: An Essay in African American Political Thought. Temple University Press, 1993. Rabinovich, Itamar. Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present. Brandeis University Press, 2007. Seale, Bobby. Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton. Black Classic Press, 1991. Simpson, George Eaton E. , and Yinger, J. M. Racial and Cultural Minorities: An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1985. The Black Panther Organization. 2008. 23 November 2008 http://www. blackpanther. org/.

ACM ICPC Regional Problem

ACM ICPC Regional Problem Siti Nazihah Binti Sarpin (L) Nurul Aini Binti Mohd Hisan Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Problem Description Problem Statistics Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Reason to Choose This Problem Preliminary Analysis Mathematical Modeling Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Test Case 2 (New input and output) Possible Algorithm Design Technique Brute Force Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks References Introduction Problem Description Bessie has gone on a trip, and she’s riding a roller coaster! Bessie really likes riding the roller coaster, but unfortunately she often gets dizzy. The roller coaster has a number of distinct sections that Bessie rides in order. At the beginning of the ride, Bessies dizziness and fun levels are both at 0. For each section of the roller coaster, Bessie can either keep her eyes open or keep them closed (and must keep them that way for the whole section). If she keeps her eyes open for a section, her total fun increases by a Fun factor for that section, and her dizziness increases by a Dizziness factor for that section. However, if she keeps her eyes closed for the section, her total fun will not change, but her dizziness will decrease by a value that’s constant for the entire roller coaster. (Note that her dizziness can never go below 0.) If, at any point, Bessies dizziness is above a certain limit, Bessie will get sick. Write a program to find the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have without getting sick. Input There will be several test cases in the input. Each test case will begin with a line with three integers: N K L Where N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1,000) is the number of sections in this particular roller coaster, K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500) is the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will go down if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride, and L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000) is the limit of dizziness that Bessie can tolerate – if her dizziness ever becomes larger than L, Bessie will get sick, and that’s not fun! Each of the next N lines will describe a section of the roller coaster, and will have two integers: F D Where F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20) is the increase to Bessie’s total fun that she’ll get if she keeps her eyes open on that section, and D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500) is the increase to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The sections will be listed in order. The input will end with a line with three 0s. Output For each test case, output a single integer, representing the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Print each integer on its own line with no spaces. Do not print any blank lines between answers. Sample Input 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 10 5 1 20 2 12 4 3 3 10 6 20 3 19 9 19 7 1 500 15 5 4 2 0 0 0 Sample Output 7 0 Problem Statistics According to ACM-ICPC archive website, the total submission of this problem is 2226. There are 183 users have solved this problem while 246 users that tried this problem (last update on 10 Dec 2014). This problem can be found at https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871. Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Region: ACM ICPC Regionals 2010 North America Southeast USA Year: 2010 Problem: H, 4870 – Roller Coaster [4.500 seconds] Link:https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871 Source Code: https://github.com/depstein/programming-competitions/blob/master/problems/04-10-14%20intro/4870%20(Roller%20Coaster)/rollercoaster.java Programmer: N/A. Reason to Choose This Problem This problem is chosen to fulfill a requirement of CSC750, Advance Algorithm and Analysis that needed the problem that can be solved using Dynamic Programming. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem which require us to find the maximum amount of fun can Bessie have without making her sick. Preliminary Analysis This problem is to obtain the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick, in which case without exceeding her dizziness limit. The constraints of the problem include: The roller coaster has a distinct number of sections that Bessie rides in order. Bessie’s fun and dizziness levels are both at 0 at the beginning of the ride. For each section, Bessie has two options either to keeps her eyes open or close and she must keep them that way for the whole section. At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes open, her total dizziness increases by a dizziness factor and her total fun also increases by a fun factor. * At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes closed, her total dizziness will be subtracted by a value that is constant for the entire roller coaster, but her total fun is maintain. * Bessie’s dizziness can never go below 0. Bessie will get sick if her dizziness is above a given limit. * * Tricky constraint. The parameters for this problem are listed as below: N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1000), the number of sections in a particular roller coaster. K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500), the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000), limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20), the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500), the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. 000, the c fixed command line for stopping the test cases. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem. This is due to the same properties this problem had as with a Knapsack problem in which it contains; a set of items where each item consists of weight and value, the total weight must be less than or equal to the given limit, and a maximum total value (in which case it must consider the given limit of the sack can carry) [1]. Thus, for this Roller Coaster problem, the properties listed below have adapted the knapsack solution: The item in this problem consists of Bessie’s dizziness level (weight) and fun level (value). Her dizziness is how much she can carries in her sack (total weight of the items she carries in the sack). Her fun is what she would like to maximize (total value of the items she carries). Now, we want to get the maximum total fun she could have without making her too dizzy (maximum total fun = maximum total value in her sack) (limit of dizziness = weight limit for the sack). Furthermore, this problem is tied with another tricky constraints in which it affected the dizziness level and fun level at each distinct section, in which case Bessie has two options either to open or close her eyes during riding that roller coaster (in Knapsack problem, whether an item is in the sack or not). If she keeps her eyes open, both dizziness and fun level will increase. Meanwhile, if she keeps her eyes close, her fun level will remain the same as with the previous section, but her dizziness level will increase. In conjunction with these tricky constraints, it can be broken down into many sub-problems [2], hence the Knapsack solution to this problem does not have to perform backtracking or recursion. This is because the previously solved sub-problems are stored in tables and can be used again instead of re-computing the solution each time [2]. In summary, this Knapsack problem is more suitable if it is solve by using Dynamic Programming technique compare with brute force algorithm. Mathematical Modeling Input: The number of sections in a particular roller coaster. The amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. The limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. The increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The fixed command line for stopping the test cases. Output: The maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Let, the number of sections in a particular roller coaster = N, where N ≠¥ 1 and N ≠¤ 1000, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride = K, where K ≠¥ 1 and K ≠¤ 500, the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand = L, where L ≠¥ 1 and L ≠¤ 300000, the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section = F, where F ≠¥ 1 and F ≠¤ 20, the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section = D, where D ≠¥ 1 and D ≠¤ 500, and the fixed command line for stopping the test cases = 000. To mathematically model this problem, it uses array tables to obtain the maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick [4]. It is important to make sure total dizziness (DTotal) can never go below zero and must not exceed the given limit. Hence, DTotal ≠¥ 0 and DTotal ≠¤ L. Moreover, depending on Bessie’s eyes’ condition (either open or close), it will affect each of the total fun and total dizziness. Hence, FOpen = F + F[fun at nth section], DOpen = D + D[dizzy at nth section], FClose = F[fun at nth section], DClose = D[dizzy at nth section] K, where FOpen, DOpen, FClose, DClose N. Thus a solution for the problem is to find the minimum dizziness Bessie could have with the maximum fun [4]. DP[N][F] is the minimum dizziness Bessie can have, with fun = F. DP[N][F] = max(DP[N 1][F (fun at the nth section)] + (dizziness at the nth section), DP[N 1][F] K). First table is to store the section’s number [N] and the other one is to store the total fun [F]. Note that both initial arrays of fun and dizziness level are set to 0.The track of the roller coaster must pass all section meaning to move to the next section both table will become [N-1] [F Fun[N]]. By using those tables, for each section, we can obtain the maximum fun Bessie can have. When move to the next section, it just retrieves the previously stored result in order to get the new result for the new section. Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Sample input Sample output 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 7 Table 1 Sample input and output of test case 1 Table 2 illustrates the optimal solution for test case 1 from the sample input given by the Roller Coaster problem. This roller coaster track has a total of 3 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 1, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 2. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 7 and her dizziness is 2. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes open in section 1 and 3, and close her eyes in section 2. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 2Optimal solution for test case 1 from sample input Roller Coaster problem Test Case 2 (New input and output) Input Output 12 3 8 5 4 3 2 8 2 6 1 12 5 18 2 12 3 10 4 15 2 16 5 10 3 6 1 80 Table 3 input and output from test case 2 This roller coaster track has a total of 12 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 3, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 8. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 80 and her dizziness is 6. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes close in section 2 5, 8 and 10, and open her eyes in other sections. Meanwhile, Table 4 shows how the solution is achieved. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 5 4 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 4 = 4 Close Section 2 3 2 5 4 3 = 1 Open Section 3 8 2 5 + 8 = 13 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 4 6 1 13 + 6 = 19 3 + 1 = 4 Close Section 5 12 5 19 4 – 3 = 1 Open Section 6 18 2 19 + 18 = 37 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 7 12 3 37 + 12 = 49 3 + 3 = 6 Close Section 8 10 4 49 6 – 3 = 3 Open Section 9 15 2 49 + 15 = 64 3 + 2 = 5 Close Section 10 16 5 64 5 – 3 = 2 Open Section 11 10 3 64 + 10 = 74 2 + 3 = 5 Open Section 12 6 1 74 + 6 = 80 5 + 1 = 6 Table 4: An example of input for Roller Coaster problem Possible Algorithm Design Technique Roller coaster problem can be solved using brute force technique or dynamic programming. There is no doubt that this problem can be solved using brute force and it can produce the correct output but it will caused an exponential time to the program. Therefore, Dynamic Programming is the better approach to solve Roller Coaster problem. Brute Force Brute force technique is not recommended to solve this problem because it will result in an exponential solution [3] as we have to modify the condition (either Bessie’s eyes open or close) and compare each result every time in order to obtain the optimal solution. In addition, if the number of test cases is getting bigger, it is quite impossible to get a short period of time taken as to calculate every sub-problem. Since there is no limit on the test case, user can state their input as much as they want. Let’s take sample test case 1 as an example shown in Table 1. 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 3 1 2 N = 3, K = 1, and L = 2. 2 1, 3 1, and 5 2 F = 2, 3, 5 and D = 1, 1. Table 5: Sample test case 1 from the Roller Coaster problem Brute force algorithm will test all the possibilities of Bessie’s eyes condition, either she had her eyes opened or closed. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 5 = 10 3 + 2 = 5 Table 6: First condition The first condition fails because Bessie’s dizziness level exceeds her limit even though she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 3 5 2 3 + 5 = 8 1 + 2 = 3 Table 7: Second condition The second condition also fails because her dizziness level exceeds her limit. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 8: Third condition The third condition is a success because of her dizziness level does not exceed her limit and she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 1 = 2 Close Section 3 5 2 5 2 – 1 = 1 Table 9: Fourth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but the fun she got is not much. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Open Section 3 5 2 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 2 = 2 Table 10: Fifth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Close Section 3 5 2 2 0 Table 11: Sixth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 3 5 2 3 1 – 1 = 0 Table 12: Seventh condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Close Section 3 5 2 0 0 Table 13: Eighth condition This condition fails because Bessie’s does not have fun at all. Therefore, Table 8 which illustrates the third condition is the most optimal solution where it satisfies as the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick. Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks The key idea to solve this problem is by adapting the Knapsack solution in which total amount of dizziness as the total weight she carries in her sack without exceeding the given limit and maximum fun as the maximum total value carries in that sack. To obtain the most optimal solution, we have to select the most maximum of total fun. However, in selecting the maximum total fun, we need to consider the total amount of dizziness because if it exceeds the limit, Bessie will get sick and thus we should avoid it. References [1] Knapsack Problem, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem [2] Slide #4 in Dynamic Programming 1, CSC752 Advanced Algorithms Analysis, Syed Ahmad Aljunid. [3] Brute Force Search, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_search [4] Southeast Regionals 2010 – Solutions, https://sites.google.com/site/ubcprogrammingteam/news

The Functions Of Netbios Computer Science Essay

The Functions Of Netbios Computer Science Essay NetBIOS was developed by IBM and sytek as an API for client software to access LAN resources anda also for accessing networking services. Netbios has extended its services to use netbios interface to operate on IBM token ring architecture. Netbios(network basic input/output system) is a program which allows communication between applications of different computer to communicate with in a LAN . netbios allow applications to talk on network and isolate program of hardware dependencies. In recent Microsoft windows operating systems NetBIOS is included as a part of NETBIOS extended user interface(NetBEUI) and it is also used in Ethernet and token ring. NetBIOS frees the application from understanding the details of network including error recovery and request is provided in the form of a Network control block (NCB) specifies a message location and the name of a destination. NetBIOS provides services for session and transport services in the OSI model with out any data format . the standard format is provided by NetBUI. Netbios provides two communication modes session and the datagram among which session mode provides conversation between computers which provides error detection and error recovery. NetBIOS provides an API(application program interface) for software developers which includes network related functions and commands which can be incorporated into software programs. For example, a programmer can use a prewritten NetBIOS function to enable a software program to access other devices on a network. This is much easier than writing the networking code from scratch. The communication in NetBIOS is carried out using a format called network control blocks . the allocation of these blocks is based on the users program and is reserved for input and output respectively. Netbios supports connection oriented (TCP) and connectionless(UDP) communication and also broadcaste and multicasting services like naming, session and datagram FUNCTIONS of NETBIOS Netbios allows applications to talk to each other using protocols like TCP/IP which supports netbios.netbios is a session/transport layer protocol which can be seen as netbeui and netbt . the main function sof NetBIOS are Starting and stopping sessions Name registration Session layer data transfer(reliable) Datagram data transfer (un reliable) Protocol driver and network adapter management functions General or NETBIOS status This service helps in gathering the information about aparticular network name and terminate a trace at local or a remote system. NETBIOS name services NetBIOS name table (NBT) service processes can be used with active directories components, domains and workgroups. The system details can be enumerated by querying the name service. Add, add group, delete and find, the naming services provide the capability to install a LAN adapter card can be done using netbios name services. NETBIOS Session Services Session services provides authentication across workgroups and provides access to resources like files and printers. Once the authentication is done session services provide reliable data transfer by establishing sessions between names over which data can be transmitted. Messages that are send are acknowledge by the receiving station, if an expected acknowledgement is not received the sender retransmit the message NETBIOS Datagram services The datagram services are used to define the way in which a host encapsulates information to netbios header , so that when a request occurs the information from the header is extracted and stores it in the cache. Datagram services allows sending messages one by one, broadcast without requiring a connection. The messages can be send to different networks by knoeing individual names or group names. http://www.fvsolutions.com/Support/index3.htm 2. How can NetBIOS be used to enumerate a Domain, a Host NetBIOS Enumeration Utility (NBTEnum) is a utility for Windows that can be used to enumerate NetBIOS information from one host or a range of hosts. The enumerated information includes the network transports, NetBIOS name, account lockout threshold, logged on users, local groups and users, global groups and users, and shares. If run under the context of a valid user account additional information is enumerated including operating system information, services, installed programs, Auto Admin Logon information and encrypted WinVNC/RealVNC passwords. This utility will also perform password checking with the use of a dictionary file. Runs on Windows NT 4.0/2000/XP/2003. PERL source included. Examples : * nbtenum -q 192.168.1.1 Enumerates NetBIOS information on host 192.168.1.1 as the null user. * nbtenum -q 192.168.1.1 johndoe Enumerates NetBIOS information on host 192.168.1.1 as user johndoe with a blank password. * nbtenum -a iprange.txt Enumerates NetBIOS information on all hosts specified in the iprange.txt input file as the null user and checks each user account for blank passwords and passwords the same as the username in lower case. * nbtenum -s iprange.txt dict.txt Enumerates NetBIOS information on all hosts specified in the iprange.txt input file as the null user and checks each user account for blank passwords and passwords the same as the username in lower case and all passwords specified in dict.txt if the account lockout threshold is 0. http://www.secguru.com/link/nbtenum_netbios_enumeration_utility 3. What vulnerabilities are associated with netbios and how they can be exploited? The following are the some of the vulneabilities of the netbios and their exploitations Windows NetBIOS Name Conflicts vulnerability The Microsoft Windows implementation of NetBIOS allows an unsolicited UDP datagram to remotely deny access to services offered by registered NetBIOS names. An attacker can remotely shut down all Domain Logins, the ability to access SMB shares, and NetBIOS name resolution services. Vulnerable systems: Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows NT Microsoft Windows 2000 NetBIOS Name Conflicts, defined in RFC 1001 (15.1.3.5), occur when a unique NetBIOS name has been registered by more than one node. Under normal circumstances, name conflicts are detected during the NetBIOS name discovery process. In other words, a NetBIOS name should only be marked in conflict when an end node is actively resolving a NetBIOS name. The delivery of an unsolicited NetBIOS Conflict datagram to any Microsoft Windows operating system will place a registered NetBIOS name into a conflicted state. Conflicted NetBIOS names are effectively shut down since they cannot respond to name discovery requests or be used for session establishment, sending, or receiving NetBIOS datagrams. The security implications of conflicting a NetBIOS name depend upon the NetBIOS name affected. If the NetBIOS names associated with the Computer Browser service are conflicted, utilities such as Network Neighborhood may become unusable. If the Messenger Service is affected, the net send command equivalents are unusable. If NetLogon is conflicted, Domain logons can not be authenticated by the affected server, thus allowing an attacker to systematically shutdown the NetLogon service on all domain controllers in order to deny domain services. Finally, conflicting the Server and Workstation Services will stop access to shared resources and many fundamental NetBIOS services such as NetBIOS name resolution. Microsoft Windows 9x NETBIOS password verification vulnerability. A vulnerability exists in the password verification scheme utilized by Microsoft Windows 9x NETBIOS protocol implementation. This vulnerability will allow any user to access the Windows 9x file shared service with password protection. Potential attackers dont have to know the share password. Vulnerable systems: Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows 98 Second Edition Immune systems: Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Anyone can set a password to protect Microsoft Windows 9x systems shared resources. But a vulnerability in the password verification scheme can be used to bypass this protection. To verify the password, the length of the password depends on the length of the data sent from client to server. That is, if a client sets the length of password to a 1 byte and sends the packet to server, the server will only compare the first byte of the shared password, and if there is a match, the authentication will be complete (the user will be granted access). So, all an attacker need to do is to guess and try the first byte of password in the victim. Windows 9x remote management system is also affected since it adopts the same share password authentication method. Exploit: Here is one simple example to demonstrate this bug. Get samba source package and modify source/client/client.c like this: samba-2.0.6.orig/source/client/client.c Thu Nov 11 10:35:59 1999 +++ samba-2.0.6/source/client/client.c Mon Sep 18 21:20:29 2000 @@ -1961,12 +1961,22 @@ struct cli_state *do_connect(char *serve DEBUG(4,( session setup okn)); +/* if (!cli_send_tconX(c, share, , password, strlen(password)+1)) { DEBUG(0,(tree connect failed: %sn, cli_errstr(c))); cli_shutdown(c); return NULL; } +*/ + + password[0] = 0; + c->sec_mode = 0; + do{ + + password[0]+=1; + + }while(!cli_send_tconX(c, share, , password, 1)); Flaw in NetBIOS Could Lead to Information Disclosure Network basic input/output system (NetBIOS) is an application-programming interface (API) that can be used by programs on a local area network (LAN). NetBIOS provides programs with a uniform set of commands for requesting the lower-level services required to manage names, conduct sessions, and send datagrams between nodes on a network.   This vulnerability involves one of the NetBT (NetBIOS over TCP) services, namely, the NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS). NBNS is analogous to DNS in the TCP/IP world and it provides a way to find a systems IP address given its NetBIOS name, or vice versa.   Under certain conditions, the response to a NetBT Name Service query may, in addition to the typical reply, contain random data from the target systems memory. This data could, for example, be a segment of HTML if the user on the target system was using an Internet browser, or it could contain other types of data that exist in memory at the time that the target system responds to the NetBT Name Service query.   An attacker could seek to exploit this vulnerability by sending a NetBT Name Service query to the target system and then examine the response to see if it included any random data from that systems memory.   If best security practices have been followed and port 137 UDP has been blocked at the firewall, Internet based attacks would not be possible. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would have to be able to send a specially-crafted NetBT request to port 137 on the target system and then examine the response to see whether any random data from that systems memory is included. In intranet environments, these ports are usually accessible, but systems that are connected to the Internet usually have these ports blocked by a firewall.   How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability?   An attacker could seek to exploit this vulnerability by sending NetBT Name Service queries to a target system and then examining the responses for arbitrary data from the target systems memory.   NetBIOS Name Server Protocol Spoofing (Patch available) Microsoft has released a patch that eliminates a security vulnerability in the NetBIOS protocol implemented in Microsoft Windows systems. This can be exploited to cause a denial of service attack. Affected Software Versions:    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Workstation    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Server    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Server, Enterprise Edition    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Server, Terminal Server Edition    Microsoft Windows 2000 The NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) protocol, part of the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) family of protocols, is implemented in Windows systems as the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS). By design, NBNS allows network peers to assist in managing name conflicts. Also by design, it is an unauthenticated protocol and therefore subject to spoofing. A malicious user could misuse the Name Conflict and Name Release mechanisms to cause another machine to conclude that its name was in conflict. Depending on the scenario, the machine would as a result either be unable to register a name on the network, or would relinquish a name it already had registered. The result in either case would be the same the machine would not respond requests sent to the conflicted name anymore. If normal security practices have been followed, and port 137 UDP has been blocked at the firewall, external attacks would not be possible. A patch is available that changes the behavior of Windows systems in order to give administrators additional flexibility in managing their networks. The patch allows administrators to configure a machine to only accept a name conflict datagram in direct response to a name registration attempt, and to configure machines to reject all name release datagrams. This will reduce but not eliminate the threat of spoofing. Customers needing additional protection may wish to consider using IPSec in Windows 2000 to authenticate all sessions on ports 137-139. Patch Availability:    Windows 2000:   Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.microsoft.com/Downloads/Release.asp?ReleaseID=23370    Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, Server, and Server, Enterprise   Ã‚  Ã‚  Edition:Patch to be released shortly.    Windows NT 4.0 Server, Terminal Server Edition: Patch to be   Ã‚  Ã‚  released shortly. 4. How can the security problems associated with netbios be mitigated? Defending against external NetBIOS connections If NetBIOS has to be allowed, the first step is to ensure that only a very small number of devices are accessible.   As youll see, leaving your network open to external NetBIOS traffic significantly increases the complexity of system hardening.   Complexity is the enemy of system assurance. Next, ensure that the exposed systems are hardened by, Disabling the systems ability to support null sessions Defining very strong passwords for the local administrator accounts Defining very strong passwords for shares, assuming you absolutely have to have shares on exposed systems Keeping the Guest account disabled Under no circumstances allowing access to the root of a hard drive via a share Under no circumstances sharing the Windows or WinNT directories or any directory located beneath them Crossing your fingers Mitigating Factors Any information disclosure would be completely random in nature. By default, Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) blocks those ports. ICF is available with Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker must be able to send a specially crafted NetBT request to port 137 on the destination computer and then examine the response to see whether any random data from that computers memory is included. For intranet environments, these ports are typically accessible, but for Internet-connected computers, these ports are typically blocked by a firewall Some of the ways in which the intruder can be prevented from attacking the target system are Limit the network hosts that can access the service. Limit the user who accesses the service. Configure service which allows only authenticated connections. Limit the degree of access that would permit a user to change configuration of networks. links http://www.securiteam.com/windowsntfocus/5WP011F2AA.html http://www.securiteam.com/windowsntfocus/5MP02202KW.html http://www.securiteam.com/windowsntfocus/5DP03202AA.html http://www.secguru.com/link/nbtenum_netbios_enumeration_utility http://www.securityzero.com/uploaded_files/vulnerabilities_report.pdf http://www.securiteam.com/exploits/5JP0R0K4AW.html http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/netbios/information-disclosure-vulnerability-in-microsoft-netbios.aspx http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=130690seqNum=11 http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS03-034.mspx http://marc.info/?l=bugtraqm=96480599904188w=2 http://descriptions.securescout.com/tc/14002 http://www.securityspace.com/smysecure/viewreport.html?repid=3style=k4 http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/security/?p=196

Cause and Effect Essay - The Causes of America’s Social Problems

Cause and Effect Essay - The Causes of America’s Social Problems The causes of social problems exist on many levels. When we ask why social problems such as poverty, unemployment, crime, and war exist, each time we determine a cause, we can ask "why" again, as children often do until they are hushed. Poverty exists because some folks can't find jobs or the jobs pay poorly. But then why is the wage level so low? Because of the tax and land-tenure systems. Why do we have those systems? Because special interests pay to legislate it. Why do special interests get away with it? The voting structure lets them. Why does that structure exist? The voters don't demand to change it. Why not? When we dig down through all the layers to the roots of the causes, we find three fundamental causes of social problems: ignorance, apathy, and greed. The ultimate remedy for social problems therefore must confront all three root causes. It does little good to just run down the street shouting "share the rent!" or "stop war!". Uttering a slogan does no good unless it arouses sympathy. As an example of the interplay between ignorance, apathy, and greed, consider the problem of pollution. Suppose the most efficient preventative is a pollution charge based on the damage caused by each pollutant. However, the government regulates pollution instead, a policy failure that needlessly reduces employment and economic growth. One possible cause is ignorance. But suppose the best policy is known. The owners of the polluting industries seek to influence legislation to prevent the best policy. Because of their campaign contributions and other favors, the government adopts the poorer policy. The cause in this case is greed, both by the influence seeker... ...es for social problems, including the economics, politics, and ethics of the problems and solutions. Then when they educate others, they must at the same time invoke their antipathy to the problem and arouse their sympathy with the remedy. When the masses are roused with sympathy and armed with knowledge of the remedy, the few greedy opponents will either be swayed themselves to join the righteous battle, or be overwhelmed by the greater force of the righteous revolution. To remedy social ills, replace ignorance, apathy and greed with knowledge, sympathy, and charity. Works Cited George, Henry, 1879, Progress and Poverty. New York: Schalkenbach Foundation, 1971 Henry George Foundation web site, www.henrygeorge.org Accessed on 8-26-04. Holy Bible. Authorized King James Version. Ed. C.I. Scofield. New Scofield Reference Edition. New York: Oxford UP, 1999.

Techniques to Curb Dental Anxiety Essay -- Dentist Dentistry Papers

Techniques to Curb Dental Anxiety The distinctive sound in the dentist's office coupled with its slightly sweet antiseptic smell has long been a source of anxiety for many people. Ask almost anyone and they will tell you stories much like the one of my grandmother, who was never given treatment for her pain. Instead, she was treated only with silver nitrate on the decayed areas to deaden the nerve endings. However this did not heal the decay. Perhaps instead they would tell of a time when their dentist, who had just received his new high-speed drill, insisted that there was no need for Novocaine. Along with new problems such as dentists infecting their patients with HIV, the negative side of dentistry has increasingly been in the public eye. Upon hearing stories similar to these, the public has been calling for their dental visits to become safe, painless, and carefree ones. In a study done by USA Today (1999), it was found that "dentists are trying to coax forty million frightened Americans back into the [dentist's] chair" (p. 1). Of these forty million persons, many of them are so afraid of the dentist that they chronically schedule and postpone dental care until their level of pain is so high, they must go regardless of fear. Forty million Americans are not wrong. There is a serious problem with the way they have been, or are being treated in the dentist's chair. While there are many very good compassionate dentists in the United States, there are a number of dentists whose philosophy is to "treat only the tooth and make their money" (Dr. Knight, personal conversation, March 28, 1999). Many dentists today are concerned with treating dental anxiety and there are three basic areas these dentists are improving to redu... ... (1992). Practical clinical hypnosis: Techniques and applications. New York: Lexington Books. Millenniumâ„ ¢. (1999, March 28). Biolase Technology [Online product info]. Available: http://www.biolase.com/htmls/products/millennium.html Morrison, C. and Netting, J. (1999, March). What's new. Popular Science, 24. Quarnstrom, F. (1996, December). Sedation of phobic dental patients with an emphasis on the use of oral triazloam [58 paragraphs]. Priory Lodge Education Limited [Online]. Available: http://www.priory.com/den/halcion1.htm Rogers, F. (1989). Going to the dentist. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Rom, M. C. (1997). Fatal extraction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Stevenson, R. B. (1998). Ethics and patient initiative. JADA, 129, 414. Wynbrandt, J. (1998). The excruciating history of dentistry. New York: St. Martin's Press. Techniques to Curb Dental Anxiety Essay -- Dentist Dentistry Papers Techniques to Curb Dental Anxiety The distinctive sound in the dentist's office coupled with its slightly sweet antiseptic smell has long been a source of anxiety for many people. Ask almost anyone and they will tell you stories much like the one of my grandmother, who was never given treatment for her pain. Instead, she was treated only with silver nitrate on the decayed areas to deaden the nerve endings. However this did not heal the decay. Perhaps instead they would tell of a time when their dentist, who had just received his new high-speed drill, insisted that there was no need for Novocaine. Along with new problems such as dentists infecting their patients with HIV, the negative side of dentistry has increasingly been in the public eye. Upon hearing stories similar to these, the public has been calling for their dental visits to become safe, painless, and carefree ones. In a study done by USA Today (1999), it was found that "dentists are trying to coax forty million frightened Americans back into the [dentist's] chair" (p. 1). Of these forty million persons, many of them are so afraid of the dentist that they chronically schedule and postpone dental care until their level of pain is so high, they must go regardless of fear. Forty million Americans are not wrong. There is a serious problem with the way they have been, or are being treated in the dentist's chair. While there are many very good compassionate dentists in the United States, there are a number of dentists whose philosophy is to "treat only the tooth and make their money" (Dr. Knight, personal conversation, March 28, 1999). Many dentists today are concerned with treating dental anxiety and there are three basic areas these dentists are improving to redu... ... (1992). Practical clinical hypnosis: Techniques and applications. New York: Lexington Books. Millenniumâ„ ¢. (1999, March 28). Biolase Technology [Online product info]. Available: http://www.biolase.com/htmls/products/millennium.html Morrison, C. and Netting, J. (1999, March). What's new. Popular Science, 24. Quarnstrom, F. (1996, December). Sedation of phobic dental patients with an emphasis on the use of oral triazloam [58 paragraphs]. Priory Lodge Education Limited [Online]. Available: http://www.priory.com/den/halcion1.htm Rogers, F. (1989). Going to the dentist. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Rom, M. C. (1997). Fatal extraction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Stevenson, R. B. (1998). Ethics and patient initiative. JADA, 129, 414. Wynbrandt, J. (1998). The excruciating history of dentistry. New York: St. Martin's Press.