Kafka’s Realism Regarding the Sirens

Kafka’s rendition of Odysseus’ encounter with the Sirens is a realistic approach to Homer’s telling of events. Kafka points out that the song of the Sirens would have been more powerful than anything set in place to block out their song from anyone’s ears, especially the wax Circe advised Odysseus to place in the ears of his men. As Kafka says, â€Å"he had complete faith in the handful of wax† (128). Herein lies Kafka’s main point, namely that despite the efforts put forth by anyone, even those guided by the gods, no one would have been able to escape the Sirens and their deadly, seductive song; it follows that, Kafka maintains, the Sirens could not have been singing at all (128). Kafka’s interpretation of Homer here goes deeper than merely asserting that the Sirens could only have been silent rather than singing when Odysseus led his men past the shore they inhabited. Kafka is attributing the existential motif of choice regarding Odysseus in particular by implying that Odysseus, more sound in mind than even the gods, was able to simply disregard the existence of the Sirens and thereby escape. Realizing this to be the case, the Sirens did not even bother to sing, but Odysseus, as Kafka asserts, in attempting to â€Å"shield† himself from both the Sirens and the gods, told the story as if they had been singing, and that his wiles were enough to protect both him and his men from the deadly song (128). In maintaining that the Sirens were singing, when in all probability they were not as their song would have easily penetrated any barrier, Odysseus was able to keep everyone happy—the Sirens included. Kafka is asking his audience to reconsider the likelihood that Odysseus’ instructions, handed down from Circe, actually worked. In contrast to Homer’s version of events, Kafka is maintaining that realistically it would not have been at all possible for anyone, no matter how strong, to escape the song of the Sirens. Whereas Homer asserts that in fact Odysseus was able to escape the deadly song by filling the ears of his men with wax and then tying their leader up on the mast, Kafka says that Odysseus was merely fooling everyone into thinking that it actually worked, even his men. The implications of the addendum Kafka mentions near the end of his story are that Odysseus was able to close off his inner mind from even the gods, and that they were unable to see in him that in fact the Sirens were silent. In turn, Homer was able to maintain that Odysseus’ legendary journey was in fact rife with danger at every turn by positing that Odysseus had indeed outsmarted the alluring Siren song. But, as Kafka alludes, it would have been a rather dull journey were Odysseus to have admitted that the Sirens were in fact silent. Odysseus’ survival, not only throughout his journey but after as well, rested in his ability to fool himself and in turn the gods.

Love in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Marriage in England in the nineteenth century is much different than it is in today’s world. Almost everyone wants to marry for love and happiness. During this period of time, beautiful women would marry a man because he is rich or the opposite. A nice looking man would marry a woman because she comes from wealth. Love is left out of these marriages. Some thought they would soon develop love along the years. Mrs. Bennet’s main priority throughout the book was to make sure here five daughters were married to a rich suitor. Money was the main concerns for her not love. Her marriage was based on the principle of monetary gain. She thought her daughters would not be able to survive if they remained unmarried. For any woman of her time marriage on any terms was often the only getaway from a miserable life of poverty. Elizabeth did not want to marry for money. She wanted to marry for love. She turned her first proposal down from Mr. Collins because she had no feelings for him. Elizabeth shows a lot of pride throughout the book. Even though her family was not of upper class, she still held her head high with pride. She is a middle class woman who wants to be treated the same by every one no matter who it is. She believes herself to be good enough for any man. When she first meets Mr. Darcy, she says that he is very attractive. Prejudice blinds her and leads to false opinions of Mr. Darcy. She overhears him say, â€Å"She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me. † Darcy is very blinded by his inferior standards. Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley are happy when they are together. Mrs. Bennet was so sure they would marry within months. They were so shocked to hear that he had left town so suddenly. Mr. Darcy breaks them up before their relationship could get as far as marriage. He didn’t honestly believe that Jane was truly in love with his good friend Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth believes that he did this because of his prejudice for the lower class. Mr. Darcy believed that Jane was only after his money. Jane is very broken up over Mr. Bingley leaving town. They both loved one another. Mr. Darcy later writes a letter to Elizabeth, explaining the real reason why he broke them up. After reading his letter, she begins to understand the pride that Mr. Darcy has for himself. This is where she begins to have feelings for him. Her youngest sister Lydia runs away and marries Mr. Wickham. Soon Jane and Mr. Bingley reunite and he proposes to her. Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Darcy had bribed Mr. Wickham to marry her sister. She soon realizes Mr. Darcy isn’t a bad person after all. He is a great person and a romantic at heart. After his second proposal to Elizabeth she agrees to marry him, not for money but for love. Happiness does not come from a marriage based on money.

An Investigation Into the Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Osmosis

Study of Sucrose Concentration to Penetration Objective: The purpose of my experiment was to study the effect of sucrose solution on potato cell penetration and equilibrium point. I will look at how the quality of potato chips will change with five different concentrations of glucose solution. Hypothesis: Invasion is the diffusion of water molecules from a high water potential through a partially permeable membrane to a lower water potential. The purpose of the investigation was to investigate the osmotic effect of the potato and to find its sucrose concentration. Regarding infiltration, it occurs in the cell membrane of potatoes. The cells in the potato are similar to the plant cells described earlier from the perspective of penetration. Therefore, I predict that if water is put in purified water, water will spread out in the potatoes. Furthermore, if water is added to the concentrated sucrose solution, I think that the water diffuses outside the potato. This is because potatoes are root crops, which absorb moisture on the ground, potato cells need to contain a large amount of moisture. Experiment objectives to study plant cell permeation The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the movement of plant cells that passed through the semipermeable membrane in different concentrations of sucrose solution and exited into the water. The experiment and the plant cells used were potatoes and radish tissues used as potato chips, as results and changes were easily recorded and thus recorded. Due to the different permeability of plant cell membranes, the expected results of radish and potato chips are different under the same conditions; this is one reason for two plant cells, not one plant cell. Another reason is to compare the results of the two plant cells and to compare the similarity between the specific results. essay.com/Biology A Practical Study on Penetration of Plant Cells (Radish and Potato Chips) Using Different Molar Sucrose Solution Biological study on the osmotic effect of different molar concentrations of sucrose solution on plant cells (radish and potato chips) Permeation is the diffusion of water molecules from the high concentration sucrose solution zone through the selectively permeable membrane to the low concentration sucrose solution zone. Water molecules move down the concentration gradient during permeation. Two illustrative illustrations of permeation are shown in FIG. 1, which shows the diffusion of water molecules from the high sucrose solution zone through the selectively permeable membrane to the low concentration sucrose solution zone. Figure 2 shows the concentration gradient where water molecules diffuse along the concentration gradient

Interview Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Interview - Personal Statement Example A17. Yes because I have want to be accepted in society by everyone. Q18. What do you feel was the strongest influence on your attitudes A18. My mother's death since I was very close to her and that was the optimum point and I lost all patience so it drove me to be a rebel and make the impossible possible by getting into Stanford and now I have a very well paid job. So I turned from a happy go lucky person into an efficient and successful person. Q19. What role do you feel a person's race, gender, or ethnicity play when forming a person's attitudes and personality A19. A very essential role because my mother was Black and my parents got divorced on this basis only. Since my father was a white man so his family and friends were too prejudiced to accept her and she was low on self esteem because of it plus she always wanted to be accepted by people and in the end the stress caused a heart attack and she died. Q20. Do you feel you are better at tasks when intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated A20. I'm extrinsically motivated since I need situations to complement my actions. I have a need for affiliation according to David Mclelland's theory and I work best in teams. This person seems to be independent and not scared of the negativities in life. But due to certain experiences in life like his mothers death that changed him as a person have resulted in arrogance and now he ignores everything else and accepts only positive appraisals. Similarly, he has a problem admitting his mistakes and he always meets his set standards and goals. Obviously this shows he is stubborn as well. He said he believes the worst advice is to be yourself which shoes he is scared of being himself. He seems to be a sensitive and soft hearted person but he pretends to be hard... A19. A very essential role because my mother was Black and my parents got divorced on this basis only. Since my father was a white man so his family and friends were too prejudiced to accept her and she was low on self esteem because of it plus she always wanted to be accepted by people and in the end the stress caused a heart attack and she died. This person seems to be independent and not scared of the negativities in life. But due to certain experiences in life like his mothers death that changed him as a person have resulted in arrogance and now he ignores everything else and accepts only positive appraisals. Similarly, he has a problem admitting his mistakes and he always meets his set standards and goals. Obviously this shows he is stubborn as well. He said he believes the worst advice is to be yourself which shoes he is scared of being himself. He seems to be a sensitive and soft hearted person but he pretends to be hard hearted, insensitive and strict. He replied that he does not know if anybody would notice if he just vanished from the face of the earth and this shows he is low on self-esteem. He also told me that he toils to be accepted by the people around him.

What are the elements of a binding contract Essay

What are the elements of a binding contract - Essay Example For the purpose of this analysis, it will be assumed that all parties are not minors, do otherwise have contractual capacity, and that none of the acts being negotiated are contrary to the law. It is worth noting that in all three cases, the parties involved failed to commit their agreements to written form. Though verbal contracts are technically enforceable, the proof is hard to come by unless two disputing parties manage to agree to the facts. The elements in each case will be evaluated against the standard of contract validity.Question 1. In Chong vs. Lee, the first and foremost finding is that a contract never existed. Their agreement fails in every way to meet the legal definition of a contract because of fundamental defects, so there was no contractual agreement to breach or sue to enforce.Way Lee offered to sell five reconditioned motorbikes to Chong for a set price, but Chong didn't accept Lee's offer; he deferred his answer indefinitely, saying he would "think about it." No contractual agreement was created at that time because there was an offer but no acceptance, and both elements must be present to create a valid contract.When Chong wrote to Lee a week later, he included additional sale conditions, specifically regarding painting the bikes. No contractual agreement was achieved in this instance, either. By changing the terms of Lee's original offer, Chong was effectively making a counteroffer, and implicit in a counteroffer is a declination of the original offer, which then ceases to exist (Graw, 2002). The Postal Rule states that an acceptance is considered conveyed and takes effect at the time it is deposited in a valid postal receptacle or given to a legitimate postal worker properly prepared for posting. A contract would have been formed even if the letter had never been received by the other party. See Adams v. Lindsell (1818). But that rule would not apply here, the main reason being that the letter Chong posted was not a simple acceptance of the original offer, but a counteroffer, and Lee could not have been presumed to have agreed to it without any knowledge of it. Even if Chong's letter had been a simple acceptance of the original offer, a question would have arisen as to whether Lee had intended his original offer to Chong to remain good for a week or whether such a length of time would be deemed reasonable by a judge. It appears from the fact that Lee sold the bikes to other parties that he considered a week too long. Chong clearly believed that he had an agreement with Lee after he posted the letter, and he relied on that belief when creating contracts of his own with other parties to whom he planned to on-sell the bikes. If a contract had existed at that point with Lee, the fact that Chong relied on it would have prevented its revocation or modification. See Drennan v. Star Paving (1958). As it is, Chong is still obligated to perform under his agreement with the other parties, with whom binding contracts appear to have been created, even if he has to find another source for reconditioned bikes of the same type in the appropriate colors and/or pay a different price for them. If he fails to do so, these parties could successfully bring a breach of contract suit against Chong. The conclusion regarding an action by Chong against Lee for breach of contract is that it would fail because Lee was not a party to any valid contractual agreement with Chong at any time. Question 2. In Jones vs. Jimmy and Lee, the most important aspect of the case in the beginning is that Jimmy was not present when Fred Lee offered Jimmy's services to Norah Jones, so at that

Inroduction-Conclusion-Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inroduction-Conclusion-Abstract - Essay Example This had detrimental effects on learners’ ability to develop critical thinking skills that were beyond their level of knowledge and comprehension. Moreover, Magolda (2000) stated that previously the teaching strategy seemingly favored learners who had high level of intelligence, as compared to those who required their intelligence level to be sharpened through the educational approach (learning). This is mainly because the previous education system did not focus on enabling learners to construct their own knowledge but rather it focused on constructing learners’ knowledge on their behalf (Bain, 2004). However, there has been increased advocacy for empowering learners with the skills to manage their own learning process, which sufficiently prepares them to tackle real-life case problems. In this regard, Moskal and Keneman (2011) stated that it was indeed necessary to develop learning and teaching strategies that give learners an active role in the learning process thereb y enabling learners to construct their own knowledge and make the learning process more exciting. In the application of these strategies, it will be necessary for the teachers to realign the strategies with the intelligence level of each student in order to ensure that learning is effective. This present dissertation focuses on a particular teaching strategy/ tool that has being introduced in schools in order to make the learning process enjoyable, and engage the learners whilst enabling them to construct their own knowledge. Therefore, the teaching strategy/ tool that will be discussed in the paper offers a remedy to the flaws that had been noted about the traditional teaching strategy/ tool. The teaching strategy/ tool that will be the focal point of this study is the interactive whiteboard technology (IWB), which has been described by Cuthell (2006), as a tool that enable computer images to a appear on a board. The interactive whiteboard contains a digital projector and touch-scr een technology that has been incorporated onto the board, which enable teachers to manipulate the figures and/ or words that are appearing on the board by either using a mouse or their fingers. This is to say that a teacher is able to click, copy, and drag the figures, words, and numbers that appear on the board whilst he or she is teaching. Because of the fact that the interactive whiteboard has an internal memory, it means that teachers are able to save the notes or instructions they have written on the board. Then using the network connections that are available on the board the teacher can transfer these notes to the students’ personal computers, so that they can use it for further reading and revisions (Gage, 2006). According to Marzano and Haystead (2010), the ability of the board to display pictures and even stream live videos from a site such as YouTube, enables the teacher to improve the learning experience for learners and ensure they remain active in the learning p rocess as well as fully engaged. 1.2 Research questions Based on the interactive whiteboard technology, this research study intends to investigate teachers’ use and their own evaluation of the interactive whiteboard in second language classroom. This infers that the research study will focus on investigating how teachers at the research center are using the interactive whiteboard to teach English as a second language. Secondly, the research study will aim at discovering what teachers who are using the board

BlackBerry Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BlackBerry - Research Proposal Example The purpose of this report was to make some key recommendations for the company to improve its market position, as well as revenue growth. The report included some major problems the company is facing at present. Decreased market share and decreased customer satisfaction level due to comparatively less impressive touch screen design were found to be the main problems for the company for which some key recommendations were given to the officials. The recommendations included development of Blackberry messenger service, manufacturing of music players and laptops, and sharing of the messenger service with competitors. Introduction - Global Overview of Issue Reaching a higher rank in today’s competitive business world and maintaining it for a long time is one of the biggest goals of almost every company belonging to any particular industry. If we talk about the companies belonging to the telecommunication industry, we can say that there is a strong competition among the companies because of ever increasing trend towards use of smart phones and latest wireless devices. In such a scenario, companies need to deliver attractive and innovative products to the customer not only to achieve competitive advantage but also to increase the customer base. However, doing all this is not an easy job and requires extensive thinking. is one of such companies which are currently facing huge financial crisis because of decreased customer satisfaction with their current product range. The company was considered one of the top smart phone brands of the world in the recent past because of its innovative products and high quality. ... osition in the world of wireless technologies because it is not coming up with the designs and features for its new products that customer usually look for. It is due to this reason that the company has not only lost a significant percentage of its market share recently but also lost many of its customers. The company will also lay off almost 4,500 employees in the nearest future (Goldman, 2013). This analytical report is designed to present an in-depth overview of the problem being faced by the company, as well as the reasons behind the problems. The main purpose of the report is to provide some recommendations to the company’s officials regarding solutions for the identified problems. Company Background Founded in 1984 by Mike Lazaridis, Blackberry is a Canadian telecommunication company that manufactures tablets and smart phones. The company has remained the market leader of the world of telecommunication devices for a long time based on its high quality mobile phones and w ireless devices. However, with the advent of new technologies and design concepts in the field of information technology and successful adoption of those concepts by the competing firms, the market share of the company has fallen drastically. It is true that Blackberry had a great hold on the telecommunication industry a few years back when designers and software engineers of the company were coming up with eye-catching mobile phone designs, as well as the software applications for the phones. However, the company could not carry on with the pace and eventually left itself behind in the race of competition. The major reasons behind this fall are lack of focus towards adopting new design concepts, lack of focus towards adopting new operating systems, such as, android, and lack of focus towards

Sales management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sales management - Essay Example Before the sales representatives go to the field, they have to acknowledge the approaches they can use to deal with different consumers. The electronic business should invest in regular training to make the workers familiar with the products offered by the company. Training is also vital because it enables the sales representatives to acknowledge the sales policies and processes. Some consumers are very rude. Consequently, failure to handle them makes sales representative appear rude. This may result into poor relationship between customers and worker. Moreover, it can make the firm to lose many consumers leading to low sales. The sales representatives should be trained on how to ignore rude customers. For example, customers may complain about things that do not involve the sales persons such as business policy or the prices of items. Workers should let the customers complain without responding to their complaints and express their regrets for any inconvenience later. Workers should receive sufficient training on approaches to address the polite customers to maintain good relationships with such customers (Overell 2003). Managers should equally stimulate consumers to be cooperative and committed to their work. They should set strategies for motivating the workers after seeking their opinions. Some of the common ways of inspiring the workers entail compensating and rewarding them. Managers should reward the workers by recognizing their efforts. This may entail praising them before other sales representatives or increasing their pay. Moreover, the managers should compensate the sales representatives who work extra time. For instance, some customers may set appointment times that are outside the usual working hours. Such workers who work beyond the working hours should be compensated by increasing their pay or other forms of compensation. Praising the workers and compensating them will increase the level of commitment and cooperation in the work places. Additional ly, the motivated workers will stop missing the scheduled appointments (Susan 2004 13). The managers need to create and maintain good relationships with the sales representatives. The relationship between workers and their leaders in the work places determines the communication between customers and workers. Good relationship may be created by involving the sales representatives in the decision-making process. This will make the personnel feel appreciated and contented consequently enhancing their productivity. The managers should also treat the sales representatives with courtesy and always acknowledge their presence and contribution. The managers should also comment on the work in private whenever it needs improvement (Garg & Rastogi 2006 577). Question 2 Globalised trade, high foreign investment and increase in cross-border transactions are putting a lot of pressure on businesses. This has forced businesses to devise innovative measures to allow them continue marketing their prod ucts and services. These measures include maintaining good and close relationship between the business and customers. This is difficult in the competitive environment because customers demand more choices than before. Consequently, for a business to meet customer demands and improve loyalty, it needs to access accurate and current customer information. This is possible with the application of the internet that is an ultimate communication tool. Using the internet can support businesses in maintaining customer loyalty because

Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks in Nursing Practice Research Paper - 1

Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks in Nursing Practice - Research Paper Example The patients’ overall well-being should be at the centre of nursing. In line with this, nurses need to relate professional knowledge into clinical practice, through theoretical and conceptual frameworks bridges, dynamically linking care between health personnel and care, recipients, in consideration with environmental factors. The body of knowledge in nursing had been divided into several categories to distinguish bulks of nursing concepts constructed. Fawcett (1995 as cited in Timmins, 2005) identified hierarchical structure in nursing knowledge, where different levels are interconnected in clinical fields: â€Å"(1) metaparadigm (2) philosophy (3) theory (4), conceptual models.† Metaparadigms are quite broad in context, which translate clinical values indicated in constructed philosophies, while theories are more specific in experiential nursing fields. Fawcett (1994 as cited in Masters, 2005) added that conceptual models, being the last, pertain to sets of nursing abstracts and propositions that are meaningfully integrated for valid reference in nursing disciplines. One of the fundamental bases in the modern nursing profession is the theory created by Florence Nightingale. Her philosophical concepts are simple in construct, though, it primarily stabilized how nurses act in deference to patient in teraction. In her environmental model for nurses, Nightingale proposed that elements observed in the environment can have a significant impact on patients’ health conditions (Butts & Rich, 2010). The model substantially linked three important entities together: the patient, nurses, and their environment. Her meta-paradigm in Figure 1 (please see Appendix A), showed these three factors that may influence outcomes in health.

The words context Essay Example for Free

The words context Essay When addressing this question its important that I explain what I understand by the words context and truth. My view of the word context is something (such as time or setting) that surrounds a particular event and that can alter its meaning. Truth is what happened in reality. There are two types of truth.  The first one is my truth: its what I believe its true. For example I might say that if we laugh a lot throughout the day well sleep better. That is my truth only, since someone else might not believe that. Whether or not the rest of the people believe this, the truth will always be mine. In this case I think that context does not influence what I believe in; therefore in this case context doesnt affect truth. The second type of truth is universal truth. This is the truth that everyone in the world believes in. In my opinion there are few if none universal truths since not everyone agrees on something and these truths all depend on the context. For example consider this statement. 10 out of 10 people die. According to scientists that statement is true to them. Its thought to be a universal truth. However in the world there will be someone who believes that we dont die. Maybe even in some region on Earth various people believe that we never die. We also have to take into account the period that the statement was written in. Maybe in the next centuries with advances in medicine, people will live forever therefore if this statement was written in that time it would be completely false! As we can see time is a very important aspect when stating if something is true. The most famous examples of this is the fact that people in the 15th century believed that the world was flat, it was the truth, due to the fact that the sea was flat and after a certain distance boats would suddenly disappear, and they also believed that the sun orbited around the Earth. Galileo and Copernicus with more information later proved that the Earth orbited around the sun but still some people disagree with both these scientists. Here we can see how peoples perception of truth about something changes with new information. Well theres something which is always or should always be true. That is the law. Consider this: if the law says: If you murder someone youll be sentenced to death the truth is If you murder someone youll be sentenced to death and most people will argue for this law. What if you kill someone in self-defense? Youre still murdering someone. In this case you will not be sentenced to death since the context has changed the truth of what happened. As we can see theres no real truth not even in the laws of a country. What about in History? In History theres no real truth since in my opinion in this subject context is all. But if theres no truth then there shouldnt be History, there should only be various myths and stories told by the conquerors of the various nations and continents. How many times have we listened to the same story but told by various different people? Then how do we know which one is telling the truth? People have different perceptions of things therefore each one of them has their own truth. A single truth for everyone doesnt exist. Consider this for example: Im at school and Im playing around with some friends and I punch one of them. At that instance a teacher sees me punching him. The truth according to her is that I was fighting and I punched him. The truth according to me is that I was playing with him and accidentally punched him. We have to look at the context behind what happened to establish a truth. As well as in History, in Literature context is also very important to establish what happened. When analyzing a literature work its important to focus on things such as where its set and in what period its set in order to understand why some of those things happened. If were reading a book that focus on racism in the south USA we have to take into account that its set in 1950 where racism was a big issue in the USA. Of course that most things that happen during the story wont be true to nowadays and we also have to take into account that probably those racist events wouldnt have happened in a country like Portugal. On the other hand if we move from literature to numbers, logically 2 plus 2 will always equal 4 and 2 times 2 will always equal 4 as well, in any part of the world at any period during time no matter what the context is. Not reallyIt depends on what youre talking about, the context. Consider this for example: (In Physics 20C=293K and 40C =313K). If today I have 20 (apples) and tomorrow I have 40 (apples) then tomorrow Ill have twice as many (apples). If the temperature yesterday was 20 (C) and the temperature today is 40 (C) the temperature is not twice as more since 313K is not twice 293K. As we can see its important to look at the context and see what were talking about! After thoroughly thinking about this issue Ive reached some very interesting conclusions. In general context is all theres no doubt about that, which means theres no truth, which in turn means that History shouldnt exist and it also means that 20 x 2 does not equal 40. However that doesnt apply to my personal truth of some things in life since I believe that my truth is not always affected by the context.

Scene Analysis Of Casablanca Film Studies Essay

Scene Analysis Of Casablanca Film Studies Essay Second Essay Question: Deconstruct a scene from one of the films weve seen this semester. Address how the director used the actors, dialogue, lighting, camera movement, sound, editing, and production design to get their point across in the film. Casablanca was released in 1942 by the director Michael Curtiz. The film was considered one of the best motion pictures ever made. The films actors, strong emotions, and loving triangle all helped out in having a classical film. The last scene in Casablanca where Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart) and Ilsa (Ingrid Bergman) were saying their final goodbyes as an airplane was in the background setting was one of the greatest scenes in the history of cinematic. Actors: Rick Blaine (Humphrey Bogart): Rick Blaine was the owner of Ricks Cafà © Amà ©ricain. He apparently appears in the whole film to be a man who is not moved by anyone. He refuses to take drinks from the customers of the cafà ©. He also didnt seem to care about the war and that refugees have gathered in Casablanca. From the start of the film and Rick shows himself as a mysterious and complicated man but on the other hand he is also generous, discriminating, and political. After Ilsa has arrived to Casablanca, flashbacks came across Ricks mind and reminded him of the time they spent in Paris. He appeared to be so much happier than he is without her. Another difference is also that back in Paris he was called Richard. After the attack of the Nazis, Rick and Ilsa agreed to leave Paris together. But Ilsa stood Rick up in the train station, and this was their separation. Rick was in so much pain of what Ilsa did to him and suffered from heartbreak. After that, Ilsa showed up at the bar, Rick reacted so angrily and refused to give her and Victor Laszlo the letters they need of transit. Finally, at the end of the film Rick becomes the hero and he sacrifices his love to Ilsa and his life in Casablanca so that Victor Laszlo can get away with Ilsa and finish his political work. So basically there were three characters that Ricks appeared in the movie with. First, In Paris he was so romantic, then in Casablanca he was hard-hearted, and finally at the end of the film he appeared to be self sacrificing hero (Turner, Casablanca, 1999). Ilsa Lund (Ingrid Bergman): Ilsa is extremely loyal to her husband, Victor Laszlo. She believes she love Laszlo, but on the other hand she also says that she is in love with Rick, back when they were in Paris and also after she arrived to Casablanca. She had a very good reason to tell Rick that she loves him when she was in Casablanca so that she can get the letters of transit that she needs. Her feelings are always dreamy and vague which makes it hard to understand her right. Long time ago when Rick was in Paris, she sent him some letters claiming that she cant see him anymore. And that now can be a proof of her capability to protect her real feelings from those people who loves her. From all the characters in Casablanca, Ilsa was one of the most people who clearly had a lot of pain from the unexpected change of wealth. First of all, her husband Victor got arrested and reported to be dead. Then, when he came, she was supposed to escape with him throughout Europe with the Nazis. After that, in Casablanca she met Rick once again and fell in love with him all over, but unfortunately she was suppose to leave him once again. Ilsa didnt had an easy life, and one of the greatest tragic in the whole film is her fate. Finally, at the closing scene of the film, we can feel that the chances of Ilsa living happily ever after ending do not exist. Victor Laszlo (Paul Henreid): One of the main characters in Casablanca is Victor Laszlo, who is the least complicated person. He is an absolute noble hero. Victor Laszlo is a handsome and confident man. His wife was Ilsa and he loves her so much to the extent that when he knew about her and Rick he accepted the fact and claimed he understands. He was ready to give anything for Ilsa to get away safely from Casablanca. Victor likes politics. His want of beating the Nazis is the best ambition for all the actions he ever took. He places himself as a favored to battle through it. As much as Victor Laszlo is priceless to the Allies as much as he is critical to the Nazis. Captain Louis Renault (Claude Rains): Louis is not a man of strong opinion, but was a friend to whoever had power. He never likes Strassers believes but he works with him. For a part in the film, Louis was shown as a careless and selfish man who cared about absolutely nothing but himself. He takes advantage of pretty women refugees and usually gets fixed winnings from the casino of Rick. He told Rick not to count on him as a friend, but he couldnt hide his feelings for his friend (Rick). Towards the ending scene of the film, the men committed to their friendship when they committed themselves to the Allied cause. Rick committed by shooting Strasser and letting Ilsa escape with Victor out of Casablanca, while Louis committed by choosing to get away from Casablanca along with Rick. Lighting: The lighting has a great effect on the mood of the whole film. At the beginning of the movie most of the scenes and shots were brighter than when the film came towards the end where they were darker. There was a scene close to the ending scene of the film in Ricks cafà © where Victor Laszlo was taking refuge after the meeting was attacked. The scene inside the cafà © was at night and it had an absolutely low key lighting. The drama of the movie was being built slowly through the beginning up till the end of the movie. The dimness of the film increases the drama and the worry of the viewers more. The shots towards the end of the film become more extreme due to the gap among special parts of the shots. This Chiaroscuro effect also helped in raising the worry due to the clear bright lights and deep dark shades. Against the light of the background, there was Captain Renault, a poster boy, wearing his black uniform. Those two were shots from the final scene when Rick holds Cap tain Renault as a hostage and pressure him into letting Victor Laszlo getaway. Moreover, there was a fog in this final scene in the airfield, that had a gray invading of the scene and actors, which generate a feeling of suspicious. That resulted in making the viewers not knowing how the fight is going to be solved. Here the lighting technique was sharp and differs from the cinematography that is in all the other parts of the film. Sound: The director used the sound in this scene effectively. While filming the movie, he discovered that the sound stage was very small to be suitable to an actual airplane. So he decided to put the actors on a soundstage at Warner Bros where there was no real airplane. He also puts up half and quarter size models of Lockheed Electra 12A. The scene was raped around the machine that produces fog to cover up the artificiality of the background set. In this last scene of the movie, the actors never left the soundstage of the airplane. Also, towards the last scene of the movie, there was a shot that shows very quick two aircraft engines that has dramatic noise from the strong piston engines driving up and the fan spinning round in a high speed. One of the shots was showing the right side of the engine of the aircraft. And the other shot shows the left side of the engine. Along with those shots, the fog was being spread to go with the cloudy smoggy look that covers the rest of the closing scene. The director was so talented in making a great job in sound editing so that the sound of the engines makes the film mix together well with the soundstage of the film. Camera Movements and Dialogue: The ending scene of Casablanca had many camera movement techniques. After Captain Renault (Claude Rains) and Victor Laszlo depart, the camera starts to follow Rick and Ilsa, where it was neither of their view points. The camera was from the side. After that, Rick sends Ilsa to escape with Victor. After a cut away to Captain Renault, the camera builds up again to highlight the remarkable conversation; the camera was also from the side. As the camera follows up again at the final minute it shifts to Rick. Then the camera goes into a series of reverse angle shots first from Rick to Ilsa, then to Rick again, then to Ilsa, then to Rick again, and finally back to Ilsa one more time. The camera shifted either to the face of the person who was talking or to the other person. There was a hidden meaning in these shifts of the camera. It either meant stressing the conversation or drawing attention to understanding what is said. Another frame got both characters (Rick and Ilsa) in, that changed into an analytical point of view shot of Ilsa. Her tears were glowing in her eyes and the feeling of the light was becoming softer at her face. At the same time, Rick was talking to her and said Im not good at being noble, but it doesnt take much to see that the problems of three little people dont amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world. After that, Ilsa dropped down her chin, because she felt that she was crushed by fate. Then Ricks hands held Ilsas chin and raised it up again saying Now, now . And this was a close up in the camera movement. After that there was a cut of the point of view of Ilsa, and the hidden meaning here is so that women viewers will be able to understand her situation. Rick said Heres looking at you kid. Then a shot of a close up happened again, where it demonstrates that Ilsa understood that Rick wants the best for her and that she accepted his decision of letting her escape with her husband. Then there was a cut back to the point of view of the guy that she really loves. After that the emotions stopped for a few seconds with a fast cut away to Major Strasser, who is the Nazi commander in charge of Casablanca, who was walking fast to reach to the airport. The camera then goes back to the airport, where a private conversation was held between Rick and Victor who were facing each other. Ilsa was at the background of the scene trying to wipe her tears away. Then there was a fast shot of Captain Renault from Ricks point of view. There was again couple of reverse angles which were used to highlight the speakers conversation. First, from Victors point of view there was a fast cut away to Ricks point of view of Ilsa. Here all three of them were in the frame together. And she backs up what Rick is saying. The shot after that returns to Rick then to Victors face who believed what Rick said and accepted his brave explanation. Then there was a three shot right after the two shots of Rick and Victor, with Ilsa on the right side wiping her tears away and she was considered in the staging position. Then a shot went back to Rick and Victor alone when Victor was saying: Welcome back to the fight. This time I know our side will win. After that a shot went to the engines of the plane. Then there was a three shot of the characters looking at the plane. Then a few series of close ups follows with a great awareness of the eyes of the actors as they act in response to the actions. First, Rick looks at the plane then at Ilsa, and Ilsa looked back at him, then both Rick and Ilsa looked at Victor, then Victor looked right into Ilsa and said: Are you ready, Ilsa?, so she turned her head for the last time and looks at Rick, then at Victor and she said: Yes, Im ready. In this scene Rick is giving up on Ilsa and making her getaway with Victor, and Ilsa on the other hand is accepting Ricks decision in letting her go. Next, a cut to a wide shot of all the three actors appeared. Ilsa stepped in front and the camera movement started following in and to the left to set up some characters significant. For the first time, Ilsa stands next to Victor and Rick was alone facing them. Ilsa said: Good-bye, Rick. Then there was a close up of Ilsas face that softly softened the light at her face and completed saying: God bless you. Next, there was a high angle shot of Rick, the Director is trying to emphasize that we are looking for the first time down to Rick, because Ilsa was gone from his life forever, and was back with Victor. Then he said: Youd better hurry. Youll miss that plane. We were seeing this scene from Victors point of view because now the couple is Ilsa and Victor. After that, the camera was far away from the staging position when Ilsa and Victor were walking away towards the plane. That scene was taken again from Ricks point of view, where he was seeing both of them walking out of his life. And by that he realized the generous sacrifice he has done. After that, the camera showed a reverse angle shot of Victor and Ilsa, as a couple this time, walking to the camera. Then they looked at one another and we can see that Ilsa was trying to hold herself together. And as they get closer to the camera, we see that Victor was slowly cut off when the camera was slowly moving to the left side. The director wanted to focus the attention here on Ilsas face because she was walking away from the man she loves. After that the camera cuts into a close up to Rick alone in the frame (Turner, Casablanca, 1999). After that, the camera cut away to both Captain Renault when Major Strasser just came. Major Strasser tries to make a phone call for help, when Rick asked him not to, but since he didnt respond, Rick shot him. Then the police arrived, and in few seconds Captain Renault said: Round up the usual suspects. Now, Rick and Captain Renault are alone at the closing scene of the film. They watched the plane as it took off from both their point of view and then from a revered angle shot. The director tries here to make the viewers feel the loss of Rick in his eyes. After that another revered angle shot to their point of view appeared then the plane faded away within the fog (Turner, Casablanca, 1999). Finally, Rick and Captain Renault walked away together. Then the camera gets into a crane shot by rising up by looking down in a high angle shot at them as they keep walking from the staging position. Then Rick says: Louis, I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship. Then as they continue walking the music arise (Turner, Casablanca, 1999). As for this Dialogue, the beautiful friendship that will start to begin between Rick and Captain Renault was the last closing sentence in Casablanca. Moreover, the dialogue of Casablanca was all filmed on a soundstage, but that doesnt make it any less of great dialogue. Editing: The editing of Casablanca was attractive and high in excellence. At the closing scene of the film, the close ups of the airplane with the engines represented the scene as if it was in a real airport with a real plane, and was so hard to find out that all of that was acting in front of a fake plane. Moreover, when the shot was on the airplane taking off, it appeared that the first part of the airplane was the real one and the second part was the studio effect. All together, the story, casting, acting, dialogue, staging, music, sound, lighting, camera movement, editing, and production are so great that viewers just cared about whats happening, not about how the film was created and done. Third Essay Question: Some historians argue that films reflect the political and social mores of society at the time of its creation, is this accurate statement? Is the subject matter of the movies weve watched driven by society or does society drive the entertainment industry to create films within a specific moral, social, or political context? Discuss. More frequently, American movies reflected the absolute influence of the society. The industry is willing to sell more products. That case was mainly right when it came to studio era. J. Dudley Andrew, who is a movie scholar, saw and noticed that in The Major Film Theories: A natural rapport grew up between the public which went to the movies weekly and the producers who needed to supply the people with a variant of what they liked and were used to. (Gehring, 1997). Some movies influence society. For instance: Star Wars it still has a continuing force, which was released again in 1997. Gehring, who is a professor and an author of lots of film books, his occupation covered a some of his adolescence of the 1967s which is called dark comedy to get back on the1930s fashion of clothings. Hollywood tries to safegaurd its contribution, because they are not new nor warrantied. Furthermore, the film production is more involved in reflecting societys desires and needs than in directing them. People who puts all the responsibility and guilt on Hollywood for the most part of the societys troubles are not noticing nor considering real life mores and films (Gehring, 1997). The fiction part in Hollywood has been acknowledged for a long time by the majority of critics and reviewers of the genre between high art and mass culture. For the common audience of those fictions, there has been a lot of questioning about the behavior and sexual mortality in the film trade; there was also a concern about the moral value of films and their impact on the society as a whole (Springer, 2008). Some Hollywood movies reflect social attitudes or generalize from specific films. Fictional films are very difficult and hard to make. Social products are completed, distributed, and received by the audience. The critics examine completely in order to evaluate their roles as historical evidence. For instance: it is too risky to take into consideration only some films from a particular period of time as an easy reflection to the American society. Furthermore, the attitudes that are represented in a particular film might symbolize a chain of compromises cautiously designed to be non-offensive. Also, some individual firms and companies might point out indicate very unusual attitudes toward race relations or womens rights for example. Approaches about class, gender, ethnicity, work, and all other aspects of life are represented in fictional films and movies as they are novels and plays. As a mass visual entertainment, those fictional films reflect the social attitudes in a precise dramatic manner. Some movies which were released from 1915 to about 1955 were Americas mainly popular structure of narrative entertainment. At that time, movies tended to be targeted to larger group of audience, who are even larger than most of the audience of plays and novels. Moreover, movies by then reflected social attitudes more precisely than any other medium, as they got into the maximum number of people. The huge amount of audience doesnt necessarily mean that movies in America characterized all points of view. In filming a movie, directors and staff tries to avoid certain controversial points of view in order not to offend a huge number of people. Also, the producers of films try not to insult any wide groups of people and they normally stay away from political controversial, so that they can be able to sell the film internationally to make profit. A film that is driven by the society is basically stating whats really happening in the real world in a movie. Some movie directors try to reflect the picture of whats happening in the world or society by exaggerating a little more. Other film directors might just mirror real life in their movies. Others might be brave and in their movies that they show what is hidden in the society and represent it in their movies. A great example of a movie that is driven by the society could be Casablanca. Since it was filmed during War World II and it has some political and social mores of the society. Another example is the movie Amadeus, since it was a story about the lives of Amadeus Mozart and Antonio Salieri, who are two composers and that was during the latter half of the 18th century On the contrary, some movie director wants to add something to the society or want to drive a new idea or message into it, so they do that in their movies. This is what its called society drives the entertainment industry to create films within a specific moral, social, or political context. Those kinds of movies are more open minded, because it requires more creativity and imagination to come up with something new more than the movies that are driven by the society. Most of those kinds of movies are imaginary movies. Another issue of argument of the same field might be that modern society is addicted to media entertainment. Simply, people in society couldnt live without all the noises, the images, the technology weve reached to nowadays. Media and films might affect society as well. It could have positive or negative influence on people. For example, violence movies might affect children, teenagers, or adults as well. They might get influenced unconsciously with what they watch in those violent movies. It can affect ones moral values, political, and social mores and make them more aggressive. Moreover, films of teenagers drinking or dealing with drugs also affect adolescence negatively. On the other hand, movies that have great morals affect people positively. For example, movies that might deal with family gathering throughout the whole film, can teach the audience the importance and the value of a family. In conclusion, a lot of writers, historians, and people argue about weather films reflect our political and social mores of our society or vice versa. The subject of the matter here is still and will remain a subject of argument and discussion, although it defers from one movie to another. Some movies combine both. For instance, a movie can be driven by society and also could be that society drove the entertainment industry to create the film or parts of it within a specific social moral and political context.

Essay --

The Physics of the Mangonel Catapult Catapults have been used for centuries by many groups of people, including the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Chinese. Catapults have had an assortment of purposes, but the most commonly purpose was to launch a projectile to destroy castles and soldiers. There were three main types of catapults; Ballista, Mangonel, and the Trebuchet. The mangonel was the most popular one. Different levels of torsion in the rope of the mangonel catapult decided how far a projectile was going to travel. Also the different objects that were used as projectiles and there masses also had a big role in the distance they would reach. If physics weren’t applied to building a catapult the catapult itself wouldn’t function correctly, therefore physics is what brings these machines to life. Though catapults are no longer used today in combat or any other use they still have a great history behind them. The mangonel catapult was the most well known one. The way this catapult functioned was by pulling back on a wooden stick that was connected to a wooden arm with a bucket, would pull that arm back. Pulling back on the wooden stick would cause the potential energy of the catapult to be stored in the torsion of the ropes of the wooden arm. When the wooden stick was let go the arm wood immediately return to its original position of 90 degrees where a wooden block would stop its impact and would then launch the projectile. When the arm reaches back to its original position it forms an arc with a radius equal to the arm length. Therefore the potential energy is transferred into rotational kinetic energy. Decreasing the torsion in the ropes of the wooden arm would make the projectile travel at a slower velocity. To calculate the t... ...ed. Another disadvantage is that the mangonel was not that accurate. The range was determined by the mass of the object and the strength of the catapult itself. Catapults were the weapon of the medieval times. The catapults had many purposes especially during war. Physics were applied to the building of a catapult without it the catapult wouldn’t function. The different levels of torsion would affect the catapults ability to launch a projectile higher into the sky, further, and give it a faster velocity. Also the different masses of objects used as the projectile were also accounted for those things. Though the mangonel catapult was a great catapult it also lacked some abilities, such as having poor accuracy and it wouldn’t work in wet conditions or cold weather like in the rain. Overall the mangonel is a great catapult and always has been over the past centuries.

Othello and Heroism Essay -- Othello essays

Othello and Heroism  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello the audience finds heroism exhibited not only by the hero, the Moor, but also by other characters in the drama.    A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, defines a woman character, Desdemona, as a hero in the play from the very outset:    There is perhaps a certain excuse for our failure to rise to Shakespeare’s meaning, and to realize how extraordinary and splendid a thing it was in a gentle Venetian girl to love Othello, and to assail fortune with such a ‘downright violence and storm’ as is expected only in a hero. It is that when first we hear of her marriage we have not yet seen the Desdemona of the later Acts; and therefore we do not perceive how astonishing this love and boldness must have been in a maiden so quiet and submissive. (191)    A character’s attitude toward the most fearful foe – death itself – is unquestionably a criterion for judging a heroic type from a non-heroic type. Helen Gardner in â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune† considers Iago’s wife Emilia to be a true hero of the play because of her fearless outlook on death itself:    Emilia’s silence while her mistress lived is fully explicable in terms of her character. She shares with her husband the generalizing trick and is well used to domestic scenes. The jealous, she knows,    are not ever jealous for the cause But jealous for they are jealous.    If it was not the handkerchief it would be something else. Why disobey her husband and risk his fury? It would not do any good. This is what men are like. But Desdemona dead sweeps away all such generalities and all caution. At this sight, Emilia ... ...y large and grand, towering above his fellows, holding a volume of force which in repose ensures pre-eminence without an effort, and in commotion reminds us rather of the fury of the elements than of the tumult of common human passion. (168)    WORKS CITED    Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991.    Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.                  

Money Now or Cancer Later? Essays -- Drugs, Legalization of Marijuana,

The new debate over drugs is the passing of the legalization of marijuana for medical use. In ancient texts, there is a described time and use for cannabis to treat diseases and it continues on from over two thousand years ago to today (Johnson). The argument is widely debated and has been on the lap of congress for over one hundred and seventy-five years (Johnson). The political debate now isn’t just over legalizing it, it’s about do we allow it to be legalized so we can tax it now and pay for the after effects later, or do we not allow it to be passed and still arrest people in states that allow it and are following the rules? The thing stopping most of the passing is the FDA’s statement that, â€Å"Smoked Marijuana Is Not Medicine.† To the average person walking down the street is that marijuana is smoked or baked into food. With the college student usually knowing that ‘Special Brownies’ will give you a high from the marijuana baked into i t; a high school student usually knows that a joint of marijuana will give you a high because it’s a drug. So the typical misconception with the whole legalizing of marijuana is that just legalizing it doesn’t mean it is legal to use it in a smoking manner. When I was researching this topic for my paper, I asked a lot of my friends still in high school and college on why they wanted the bill to pass in Missouri. They told me that they wanted it passed so they could get permission to grow and smoke the plant from their doctor for their ‘illness’, or to go to the marijuana dispensing machines and get some for the fun of it. Then they laughed and walked away. This was also the reason why I was so against it from the start. Legalizing the drug so anyone who found a quack doctor could get a Schedule ... ...g/treatment/findingandpayingfortreatment/managinginsuranceissues/the-cost-of-cancer-treatment>. Johnson, Albert T., and States United. Medical Marijuana And Marijuana Use. New York, N.Y.: Nova Science, 2009. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 17 Apr. 2014. Miron, Jeffrey A. The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition. Rep. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U, 2005. Www.cannabis-commerce.com. Marijuana Policy Project, June 2005. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. . "Tobacco-Related Cancers Fact Sheet." American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society, 21 Feb. 2014. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. . "We Do Not Inherit the Earth from Our Ancestors; We Borrow It from Our Children." Quote Investigator. WorldPress, 26 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 Apr. 2014.

A Tale Foreshadowing Pre-Civil War Society

Long ago, animals lived just next door to the moon. But as Brer Rabbit ‘squabbles’ his way to Sister Moon, Brer Rabbit finds himself living way down below the Moon—on earth, where every night the animals would stare up at the silvery loop that dangles just above them. As Brer Rabbit notices Sister Moon getting puny one night, he offers her his help—to go to Mr. Man and tell him that Sister Moon might need to rest even for just one night. Imagining all the yummy vegetables, sheep and goats in the yard of Mr. Man—as narrated by the clever Brer Rabbit—the animals take a great leap downward to the earth.As problems and arguments enter their way, the animals—especially Brer Rabbit—start to act more like a man than any other. Until Brer Rabbit outwits Brer Fox and Mr. Man in an adventure that is heightened by the fox’s scheme of cooking fresh food for all the animals to see. Main Body Although the Tales of Uncle Remus is often t hought of as a children’s tale, it is much more complex than that. Superficially, it is a book comprised of entertaining fictional tales filled with comical trickster characters. There is the witty Brer Rabbit, the proud Brer Fox, the pretty, silvery Sister Moon, the without-tail Brer Bear, and the wise and sharp Mr.Man. However, just below the surface lies the teachings of everyday life and a foreshadowing of everyday life today, which is one reason why the book is not intended for kindergarten children anymore (not like the original version of the Joel Chandler Harris folktales) but for those that are of ages 9-12 (Amazon. com 2008). One of the most spectacular spectacles can be seen right at the beginning of the story, when each character represents a group in the society at a time before the civil war during the 1800: (1) Mr.Man represents rulers and plantation owners. (2) Sister Moon represents white English Americans of the middle-class society, who would love to have t he assistance of the black slaves. (3) The animals represent black slaves that were once enjoying their freedom in their own land, but would have to ‘leap down’ to America because there are lots of goods and fresh food to eat. (4) Brer Fox represents white shrewd political members of the middle-class society, who wish to take the trust of the black slaves by providing them things that they would want to have.(5) Brer Rabbit represents the witty black slaves that show the true nature of Brer Fox to the outwitted members of the black society. At first, it appears that there is no discrimination or distinction among the characters in this book. They seem to live among one another in the same community, but a closer look proves otherwise. In every tale, there is some kind of conflict; yet regardless of the situation, the little guy always outwits his opponent, such as when Brer Rabbit finds a wily way to outdo Brer Fox, who makes up a scheme of cooking fresh food for all th e animals living in the forest.Here, it is evident that there is distinction on who has the power to rule over the society, or who belong to the average society that lacks the wit and the cleverness to see things that are beyond what the eyes can see. The slaves used tales like these to teach children some valuable life lessons. They demonstrated that, with the use of a sound mind along with good common sense, the weaker ones can overcome the more powerful. Conclusion In the undying tales of Uncle Remus, the clippity-clop of the ever-alive animals takes a modern turn that rubs out the Gullah dialect that was used in the original version.Describing the way of life back in the 1800s, the story is actually a way of foreshadowing pre-civil war society, which comes alive right in between the pages of the book. Works Cited Lester, Julius. Tales of Uncle Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit (Puffin Modern Classics). Retrieved April 2, 2008, from the Amazon. com database: http://www. amazon . com/Tales-Uncle-Remus-Adventures-Classics/dp/0142407208/ref=sr_1_2? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207108345&sr=8-2.

Babies Behind Bars

The rate of women being incarcerated in prisons has dramatically risen over the last decade. While these women are being locked up for crimes ranging from drug possession to murder, they often come into the prison system with children or pregnant. Nationwide, nearly 2 million children have parents in prison. The number of those with incarcerated mothers is growing rapidly. A recent report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that the number of minors with mothers in prison increased by more than 100 percent in the last 15 years [ (Schwartzapfel, 2008) ].While some women must give up their children before or after they enter prison, a handful of women get to keep their children. These women serve their sentences at one of nine prisons that have prison nurseries. However, not all women are afforded this privilege which comes with strict qualifications. A prison nursery is a program that allows a child born to an incarcerated women to remain in the care of its mother for a restri cted amount of time within a correctional facility [ (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009) ].Prison nurseries in the United States are only open to mothers who give birth to their children while they are serving their sentence. Prison nurseries are not fairly new to the United States. In the 1950s, many women's prisons had nurseries in which infants could stay with their mothers from several weeks to two years, depending on the institution. Within two decades, every state except New York closed them. The nurseries were deemed too expensive, the mothers too ruined and the babies too precious for such an environment [ (Kauffman, 2001) ].The only program left operating was at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women in Bedford Hills, New York. The Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, which is a maximum security facility, has the oldest prison nursery in the United States. Opening its doors in 1901, the pr ogram is also the largest, having space for 29 mother/infant pairs. Women live with their babies in bright rooms stuffed with donated toys and clothes.During the day, while the women attend DOC-mandated drug counseling, anger management, vocational training and parenting classes, their children attend a day care staffed by inmates who have graduated from an intensive two-year Early Childhood Associate vocational training program (Schwartzapfel, 2008). Qualifications to participate in the program are stringent. Several aspects of a woman’s past are examined before she can participate in the nursery.This includes determining who is going to have custody of the child, if the mother has a history of involvement with the child-welfare system, the length of her sentence, past episodes of incarceration, and the nature of her crime. Women who have committed arson or who have a history of child abuse are not eligible for the nursery. At Bedford Hills the infant can stay for up to 18 m onths if the mother will be paroled by then, otherwise the child must leave the facility at 12 months of age (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009).There are currently prison nursery programs in nine states: California, Illinois, New York, Nebraska, Washington, Ohio, Indiana, South Dakota, and West Virginia. Many of these programs started within the last few years. These programs are relatively rare and focus on the concept of the bond formed between mother and child within the first two years of life. Taconic Correctional Facility, also located in Bedford Hills, New York, was the second facility to host a prison nursery program. Opening in 1990, it models the first program; the qualifications and length of stay for infants are similar.However, Taconic only houses 15 mother/infant pairs. Nebraska opened its prison nursery program in 1994. The Nebraska Correctional Center for Women, located in York, Nebraska, hol ds 15 mother/infant pairs. Infants are allowed to stay up to 18 months in the Parenting Program. To participate in the nursery the mother must give birth while in state custody and not have a violent criminal record. She also should not have any serious mental health concerns. A screening committee reviews each case before women are placed in the nursery.The mother must be able to complete her sentence by the time the child is 18 months old to be eligible (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Four years later, Pierre, South Dakota opened its prison nursery in the South Dakota Women’s Prison. The Mother-Infant Program is the only prison nursery that doesn’t have a limit to how many infants can stay. However, it has the shortest length of stay being thirty days. Women who give birth while in custody are allowed to participate in the program as long as the mother's crime was non-violent in nature.Al l expenses related to the baby's care are the responsibility of the mother, including health care expenses. Mothers keep their infants in their cells. Other women at the facility are able to take classes to become babysitters and the mothers are able to choose who they would like to act as their babysitter. The Washington Correctional Center for Women in Gig Harbor, Washington, opened its doors to a prison nursery in 1999. To qualify for the Residential Parenting Program, the mother’s sentence must be completed within three years of giving birth. The women must also be classified as minimum custody and be convicted of a non-violent offense.The program houses 20 mother/infant pairs and allows the infants to stay up to 36 months (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Marysville, Ohio implemented its prison nursery at the Ohio Reformatory for Women in 2001. The program houses 20 mothers and up to 21 infants . Infants stay for a maximum of 18 months. To qualify for the Achieving Baby Care Success Program, women must give birth while in state custody and cannot have a violent criminal record. Women must attend family training courses, adhere to rules and be in good mental and physical condition.Only women who are serving a sentence of 18 months or less at the time of delivery are eligible. The Moms and Babies Program at Decatur Correctional Center in Decatur, Illinois started in 2007. The capacity for the program is 5 mother/infant pairs with infants staying up to 24 months. A woman must have committed a non-violent offense and be within two years of release after giving birth (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). The more recent nursery programs were started in the last four years.Indiana, California, and West Virginia were the last states of the nine to implement prison nurseries. Because the programs are newer, various changes are still being made. In 2008, Indiana Women’s Prison, in Indianapolis, Indiana, established its prison nursery. The Wee Ones Nursery Program houses 10 mother/infants pairs and 4 nannies. To participate in the program the child must be born in custody and the mother must be eligible for release by the time the child is 18 months old. Mothers and nannies who have been convicted of child abuse or a violent crime are not eligible to participate. The final two prison nurseries started in 2009.Corona, California started its Mother-Child Reunification Program at California Institution for Women. The program can hold up to 16 women: 10 with infants and 6 who are pregnant. Like most programs, the infants stay up to 18 months. After women spend up to 18 months in the nursery they will be transitioned onto parole or into a community-based program such as the Community Prison Mothers Program. In addition to the planned nursery, the facility runs a child-visiting program and mother-father mediation program. All pregnant women are placed in this institution and other women can request to be sentenced or transferred here.West Virginia’s Lakin Correctional Center for Women, located in West Columbia, has the KIDS Unit program. KIDS, Keeping Infant Development Successful, is available to pregnant women who are within 18 months of release or parole. The nursery is made up of modular homes located outside the prison’s perimeter fence. To participate in the nursery the mother must not have been convicted of a sex crime or a crime against a child and must be free of disciplinary write-ups (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009).Many experts believe that prison nurseries increase the bond between mother and child and lowers recidivism rates. Chandra Villanueva, Policy Associate at WPA and author of the report commented, â€Å"Prison nursery programs keep mothers and infants together during the critical first months of infant development, and the research shows that these programs produce lower rates of recidivism among participating mothers. † (Women's Prison Association, 2009).Researchers studying prison nurseries found that â€Å"infants who lived with their mothers for a year or more in the prison nursery program were significantly more likely to be securely attached in spite of their mothers’ insecurity than those who were released earlier. † â€Å"Development of an attachment relationship is a long and fragile process and requires ongoing supports for mothers raising infants in prison nurseries, for future alternate caregivers living in the community, and for the children who will ultimately experience a multitude of environmental risks. † (Byrne, Goshin, & Joestl, 2010).On the other hand, some believe that babies don’t belong in prison, for their primary role is punishment and rehabilitation. Not to mention that the programs are expensive, averaging about $24,000 a year per infant (Schiavocampo, 2010). As the number of incarcerated women continues to grow, we can expect to see the number of prison nurseries growing as well. Because the programs have been deemed successful, other states may start implementing them into their prison systems. This gives the mother some form of responsibility while she is incarcerated without separating her from the child.However, we should focus more on keeping women out of prison than creating more nurseries. Bibliography Byrne, M. , Goshin, L. , & Joestl, S. (2010). Intergenerational transmission of attachment for infants raised in a prison nursery . Attachment and Human Development, 375-393. Kauffman, K. (2001). Mothers in Prison. Corrections Today, 62-65. Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment: A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative. (2009, May). Retrieved from Women's Prison Association : http://www. wpaonline. rg/pdf/Mothers%20Inf ants%20and%20Imprisonment%202009. pdf. Schiavocampo, M. (2010, April 13). Reporter's notebook: A look at babies behind bars. Retrieved from The Grio: http://thegrio. com/2010/04/13/reporters-notebook-a-look-at-babies-behind-bars/. Schwartzapfel, B. (2008). Lullabies Behind Bars. Retrieved from Ms. Magazine: http://www. msmagazine. com/Fall2008/LullabiesBehindBars. asp. Women's Prison Association. (2009, July 13). Prison Nursery Programs a Growing Trend in Women’s Prisons. Retrieved from Corrections. com: http://www. corrections. com/news/article/21644.

10 Ways to Keep Fit

The Dorm Room Diet Start chugging. Water helps you curb food cravings and feel fuller longer — all for a grand total of zero calories. Sip on your water bottle throughout the day to stay hydrated and lose some of that holiday weight. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is. There are tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashian’s â€Å"Fit In Your Jeans By Friday† series and â€Å"The Pussy Cat Dolls’ Workout. † Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesn’t swipe them. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is.There are tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashian’s â€Å"Fit In Your Jeans By Friday† series and â€Å"The Pussy Cat Dolls’ Workout. † Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesn’t swipe them. Don’t touch that dial. Squeeze in a little exercise when your favorite TV show takes a commercial break. Valerie Orsoni, founder of LeBootCamp, recommends fi tting in a minute each of marching in place, squats, pushups and crunches, followed by an additional minute of marching in place for a mini exercise boost.Muscular System: Muscle MetabolismDownload an app. Grab your iPhone and download Body Fitness, a free application that offers over 320 exercises, complete with instructions and photos. As an added bonus, download Lose It! (also free! ) to track your calorie intake and how much you burn off from the exercise. Clean up. Vacuum, dust and put away your laundry to get a spotless dorm room and a thinner shape. Just 30 minutes of household cleaning burns 85 calories for a 125-pound person. Don’t skip.While cutting out food might seem like the best way to shed pounds, skipping meals slows down your metabolism, which eventually causes you to gain more weight. Eat regular meals full of filling veggies and lean protein to keep your weight in check. Buy some motivation. Use those holiday gift certificates to pick up some exercise gear, suggests Morgan. Exercise bands, a medicine ball and a yoga mat can be bought online and kept in your room to give you the initiative to get moving.Bust a move. No need to head out to the hottest frat party to get your muscles moving. Crank up the tunes and dance the afternoon away to burn some extra calories. If free-styling isn’t your thing, turn on â€Å"Dance Dance Revolution† for a few choreographed steps. Redecorate. Give your room a fresh new look and give your muscles a rigorous workout. Rearranging furniture is serious exercise, so give your dorm the new setup you’ve been dying to try out.

Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System Engineering Essay

This study represents the scanning supersonic sensing system, which includes supersonic detector SRF05, microcontroller PIC16F877, temperature compensator DS18B20, 16A-2 LCD show, standard servo motor and connection to Personal computer. The supersonic and temperature detectors contribute to bring forthing cherished distance values for micro chip. And the servo motor is used to revolve the supersonic detector on a regular basis. Finally, these values are all transmitted to the LCD to expose. The circuit design, simulation and practical consequences show this system is capable of the needed aims, which is possible to be attached onto a wheeled auto or a automaton to give navigational AIDSs. Contentss 3 1 Introduction and Research 4 1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System 4 1.1.1 History of supersonic sensing 4 1.1.2 Review of background research 5 1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing system 8 1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning System 9 1.4 Previous Work 12 2 Function and Specification 13 3 Aims 18 3.1 Major Aims 18 3.2 Minor Aims 19 3.3 Minimum Aims 20 4 Main Components 20 4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 20 4.2 LCD Module 22 4.3 Rotation Motor 24 4.4 Temperature Sensor 26 4.5 Microcontroller 30 5 Circuit Introduction 33 5.1 Undertaking System Circuit 33 5.1 power supply 37 5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Module 38 5.3 LCD faculty 41 5.4 temperature detector faculty 43 5.4 Connection to Computer 431 Introduction and Research1.1 Background of Ultrasonic Detection System1.1.1 History of supersonic sensingMan uses acoustic energy of lower frequences as a critical agency of communicating while mahimahis and chiropterans use acoustic energy of higher frequences, i.e. supersonic moving ridges, for acquiring their environmental information. [ 1 ] The being of ultrasound was foremost noticed by Lazzaro Spallanzani in 1794. Since so, ultrasonics, the survey of sound propagated at frequences beyond the scope hearable to people ( i.e. above 20 kilohertz ) has been a new topic. [ 2 ] The existent discovery took topographic point after that Pierre and Jacques Currie discovered of the â€Å" Piezo-electric Consequence † in certain crystals in 1880. This led to the development of ultrasound transducer. [ 1 ] The possibility of the usage of an supersonic reverberation method for the sensing of submersed obstructions at sea, such as icebergs or wrecks, appears to hold been suggested by L.F. Richardson at the clip of the Titanic catastrophe in April 1912. After the 1914-1918 War the piezoelectric effect and its reverse consequence were foremost successfully applied in the sensing and coevals of ultrasound. The original application was to the sensing of enemy pigboats. And a feasible system was developed by P. Langevin. A beam of ultrasound is propagated vertically downwards in the sea, is reflected at the sea bed, or by some other object such as a pigboat above the sea bed, and returns to the generator/detector. By entering the going of the original pulsation and the reaching of the reverberation, the theodolite clip T for the return journey over a distance of 2d can be determined. Therefore, presuming the velocity degree Celsius of ultrasound in sea H2O is known, the deepness vitamin D can be calculated from. [ 3 ] In 1935, the rule of supersonic sensing was applied into wireless sensing and ranging, utilizing electromagnetic moving ridges alternatively, which called Radar besides. [ 2 ] However, the development of radio detection and ranging, during the Second War, resulted in many betterments in electronic engineering. These developments in bend wholly revolutionized the sensing system by presenting the possibility of utilizing arrays of transducers, enabling sector-scanning to be introduced, and by bettering ocular show systems. [ 3 ]1.1.2 Review of background researchA distance sensor, besides called as a scope happening setup is one installing that determines and detects the distance between the mark and the sensing device, for the intent of appraising, finding focal point in picture taking, or accurately taking a arm. Some devices are applied utilizing active methods to mensurate ( such as ultrasound, optical maser, or radio detection and ranging ) , while others obtain the mensural distance utilizing trigonometry ( stadia metric scope finders and parallax, or cut-image scope finders ) . These methodological analysiss use a set of known information, normally di stances or mark sizes, to do the measuring, and have been in regular usage since the 18th century. [ 1 ] Since distance measuring has played an of import function in no affair the day-to-day life or working sphere, assorted types of range finders have been created to run into a assortment of demands. These device types vary each other harmonizing to their public presentation in different fortunes, every bit good as the cost, where public presentation is determined by truth, easiness of usage, sensing scope, etc. [ 4 ] In recent yearss, three chief types of distance sensing faculty are 1s utilizing infrared, ultrasound and laser severally. Hereinto, scanning supersonic sensing system is the type utilizing supersonic detectors. Supersonic detectors are normally used for non-contact, propinquity or distance measuring applications. These devices typically transmit a short pulsation moving ridge to the mark, which reflects the sound back to the supersonic detectors. The system so mensurate the echo clip of the moving ridge returning to the detector and work out the distance to the mark with the velocity of sound. [ 5 ] The basic regulation for the usage of ultrasound as a measuring tool is the time-of-flight technique, of which this pulse-echo method is one illustration. As shown in figure 1.Figure 1. Basic Illustration Of Ultrasonic Detection — Transducer Generates Ultrasonic Waves And Then Listens To RepeatTherefore, the rule of supersonic sensing system is given as followers: If the speed of supersonic moving ridges extension has been known, mensurate the period between the clip of its launch and contemplation back from an obstruction, so that the practical distance between launch point and obstruction can be determined, which is similar to the rule of radio detection and ranging. Frequently, the equation is given as: . ( 1 ) Where, d represents the magnitude of distance, C equals to supersonic extension speed in the air and T is the time-lag which normally amounts to the entire clip from launch and response. [ 6 ]1.2 The Requirement for Ultrasonic sensing systemIn recent yearss, there are assorted types of distance measurement detectors, like infrared, supersonic and optical maser range finders. They differ each other in tonss of facets: truth, scope, size, weight etc. Infrared Supersonic Laser Accuracy Typically 0.1m Typically at centimeters Typically at millimeters Detection moving ridge Electromagnetic moving ridge ( unseeable radiation ) Sound wave Electromagnetic moving ridge ( several sorts ) Costing i6.83 ~ i17.89 [ 7 ] i9.99 ~ i70.79 [ 8 ] i870 ~ i3485 [ 9 ] Usual usage juncture Small refractile index ( go through other stuff ) , good for long distance sensing [ 10 ] Insensitive to dust, soil and fog, good for utilizing under serious environment state of affairs [ 11 ] High preciseness, good for high-accuracy demand state of affairs [ 12 ] Problems Low preciseness, worse way control [ 10 ] Preciseness influenced by temperature, humidness, force per unit area etc. [ 11 ] Not safe to human in some state of affairs, optical system must be clean to observe [ 12 ]Table.1: Comparison among Three Types of Detection Systems Using Infrared, Ultrasound and Laser RespectivelyHarmonizing to the tabular array above, the infrared detectors have cheaper monetary value and shorter response clip than supersonic detectors, but have hapless preciseness, way control and rely strongly on good coefficient of reflection belongingss. In footings of optical maser scope finder, it owns high preciseness but besides has high monetary value and hard operating, in common instances it is used in military kingdom. In the usual instances, the supersonic sensor is more equal for day-to-day utilizing or extended utilizing for industrial or societal occasions for its moderate monetary value, stable capableness and acceptable truth. The lone job for supersonic sensing system is its preciseness in some particular occasions like remote-controlled cars or endorsing for autos which require more cherished distance consequences.1.3 Error Analysis of Ultrasonic Detection and Scanning SystemFor the intent of the supersonic sensing and scanning system, supersonic is one of the active countries of research and development. Supersonic detectors are good known for their public presentations in debatable environment where other detectors are non capable to be used. The rule is based on time-of-flight ( TOF ) theory, as illustrated antecedently, the clip of flight is the period of clip that travelled to and bounced back from the mark object. Use the look ( 1 ) , the distance can be determined. However, the extension speed of supersonic moving ridge is affected by the temperature, force per unit area, humidness, air turbulency and gas composing. But the most of import factor that affects the sound velocity is the temperature. The approximative velocity of sound in dry ( 0 % humidness ) air, in metres per second ( ) , at temperatures near 0 A °C, can be calculated from: ( 2 ) Where I? is the temperature in grades Celsius ( A °C ) . [ 13 ] Give the undermentioned fluctuations in the velocity of sound utilizing the criterion ambiance. As shown in table 2 below.Temperature ( A °C )Sound velocity ( m/s )-20 318.89 -10 325.16 0 331.30 10 337.33 20 343.26 25 346.18 30 349.08Table.2: Relationship between Temperature and Sound SpeedSo for a sensing system that does non hold temperature detector, if the practical distance is 3m, the clip of flight distance is 6m. And presume ever to utilize the velocity value at temperature 20 A °C, which is 343.26 m/s. But in fact, when the temperature alterations, the practical velocity of sound value can besides be different. Assume the temperature changes into -10 degree Celsius, and so harmonizing to the table.2, practical velocity of sound is 325.16 metres per second, that is, the practical mensural clip of flight should be.But if the microcontroller still uses the sound velocity at 20 A °C, practical measured distance could be,This outputs mistake. That is to state, in this instance, under temperature -10 grade Celsius, one metre long distance may hold about 5.57 centimeters mistake, which is a comparatively large mistake in some alone juncture such as remote-controlled vehicle or the unsighted pilotage and will ensue in serious jobs. Because of that, a temperature compensation step should be taken to heighten the truth of this supersonic distance sensing system.1.4 Previous WorkThere are many supersonic distance metres in markets, having different features. Here gives several typical 1s:MerchandiseFeaturesSupersonic Distance Meter aˆ? Features a liquid crystal show with 12mm figures aˆ?Can cipher the surface and the contents. aˆ? Range of 61cm ( 2ft ) to 14.5m ( 48.3ft ) aˆ? Accuracy of A ±0.5 % aˆ? requires 2Ãâ€"3.0V CR2032 batteries aˆ? Dimensions ( wxH ) : 66x130mm [ 14 ] Silverline 255664 Digital Range Measure aˆ?Laser sight for accurate targeting aˆ?automatically performs computations of country and volume. aˆ?backlit digital show for easy reading aˆ?Metric and Imperial, with measurement verification and mistake bleeper aˆ?Range 0.6 – 15m ( 2†²-50 ‘ ) . aˆ?Accuracy 1 % . aˆ?Requires 1 x 9v battery. [ 14 ] Parallax – Sensor Sampler Kit aˆ?Motion Detection aˆ?Angle and G-force detectors aˆ?Distance/ Range sensor aˆ?Sensirion Temperature and Humidity Sensor aˆ?Compass pilotage [ 15 ] SensComp Series 6500 Sonar Ranging Module # 615078 aˆ?Accurate Sonar Ranging from 6 inches to 35 pess aˆ?Drives a 50 kilohertz Electrostatic Transducer Without an Extra Interface aˆ?Operates from a Single Power Supply Source aˆ?Accurate Clock Output Provided for External Use aˆ?Selective Echo Exclusion aˆ?Integrated Transducer Cable [ 16 ] Table.3: Comparison of several typical supersonic sensing system2 Function and SpecificationThe Scanning Ultrasonic Detection System is designed for automaton pilotage, remote-controlled vehicle, and obstacle-proof auto. The system contains microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD ) , rotary motion motor and connection to Personal computer. Figure.2: conventional for scanning supersonic sensing system Here is a study map for this system shown in figure.2. Each portion will be specified as followers. Microcontroller: processing unit of the system Generate driven moving ridges to supersonic detector for supersonic sensing. Receive signals from temperature detector and supersonic detector, and procedure informations. Procedure signals to drive rotary motion motor. Output distance, temperature and angular informations to LCD. Datas transmitted with computing machine utilizing RS232 protocol. Liquid crystal display: liquid crystal show, this unit is used for: Display acquired signals Backlight support for utilizing in the dark Supersonic detector: this unit is used to observe the obstruction: Generate supersonic sensing moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Give signal back to microcontroller. Temperature detector: this unit is to observe temperature surrounding: Detect temperature and so roll up it to binary codification. Transmit informations back to microcontroller. Rotation motor: this unit contribute to revolving angle: Receive signal from microcontroller and so revolve a relevant angle Put supersonic detector on it to observe obstructions within a sector.Connection to computing machine and monitoring package:Transmit day of the month of distance, temperature and angle to computing machine utilizing HyperTerminal package. [ 17 ] Be possible to be applied into echography, to expose graph on the proctor ( by taking advantage of some specific package ) . [ 18 ] In the practical application of counsel for wheeled little auto or automaton, the whole system should be installed onto the bearer, frequently with a switch and battery to command and drive it. Put the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor, to do the supersonic detector detect object in a sector, here from 0 grade to 180 grade. Once bend on the system, the microcontroller starts to give directives to the rotary motion motor to do it revolve to the initial angle, 0 degree way. And so do the supersonic starts to run, bring forth supersonic moving ridges and so listen to the reverberation. Harmonizing to the signal moving ridges received from the supersonic detector, the microcontroller starts to cipher the distance value, taking proper velocity of sound value by utilizing the temperature compensation measuring. After the computation is done, the values are transmitted into LCD and show on it to state the obstruction distance at relevant angle and temperature. Each clip when the objects on the way at cherished angle have been detected or there are no objects, the microcontroller will give directives to do the rotary motion motor rotate into the following angle. For case, each clip the rotary motion motor is ordered to revolve 20 grade, ab initio, it starts from 0 grade, when the sensing on this way has been do ne, it rotate 20 grade, once more to make the sensing, and following, it rotate 20 grade into the way of 40 grade, to make the sensing, as the entire 9 times rotary motion is done, the rotary motion motor turns back into its initial angle 0 grade to re-start the sector scanning sensing. Here is a flow chart to demo the system work processs: The initial way Detection objects Calculation and temperature compensation Display informations on LCD Rotate angle ( illustration as 20 grade ) The followers are the same as earlier. Each clip the sensing is done, revolve another 20 grade. After entire nine times rotary motion, the rotary motion motor attached under supersonic detector returns back into the initial place. Harmonizing to the information detected, it is possible to be used for the wheeled auto or automaton to make up one's mind where to travel and how to avoid obstructions.3 Aims3.1 Major AimsDesign a system which detects the presence of objects utilizing a revolving supersonic scanner. The power of micro chip, LCD, rotary motion motor, supersonic detector and temperature detector is supplied by 5V beginning. The frequence to drive the supersonic detector should be 40 kilohertz. Once the power is on, the microcontroller will enable the supersonic detector to bring forth moving ridges. And the feedback signals will be transmitted back to the microcontroller for processing. Once the echo signal is processed, the temperature detector will offer temperature compensation for sound velocity. After power is on, the rotary motion motor is driven to initial angle place and starts to revolve from 0 grade to 180 grade, rotate one time by a certain angle when each clip the sensing is done. Each clip the sensing is done, the LCD will expose the information about it including distance, temperature and comparative angle, like â€Å" 86.5cm 23a„? 90A ° â€Å" . Once the sensing is done, the information will be transmitted to computing machine and show on the proctor utilizing hyperterminal package. All the detectors and devices are connected to the microcontroller utilizing wires.3.2 Minor AimsDesign the 5V beginning utilizing a electromotive force regulator attached on a 9V battery within a battery bearer. Attach the supersonic detector onto the rotary motion motor to do it possible to observing a sector. Develop a PCB for circuit of microcontroller, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, LCD and connection to computing machine. Design a wadding for seting PCB into it.3.3 Minimum AimsComplete the existent circuit on bread board. Accomplish scheduling codifications for the whole system. Imitate the map and run into the major aims utilizing relevant package.4 Main Components4.1 Ultrasonic SensorThere are some sorts of supersonic detectors. The chiefly used two theoretical accounts are SRF04 and SRF05 because their comparative lower monetary value and moderate public presentation. Here is a comparing between them. SRF04 Voltage: 5V merely needed Current: 30mA typical 50mA soap Frequency: 40 kilohertz Scope: from 3cm to 3m. Sensitivity: 3cm at 2m, 1.5 % Input trigger: 10 uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo pulsation: positive TTL degree signal, width proportional to run Small size: 43mm x 20mm ten 17mm tallness Monetary value: i14.50 ( Inc. VAT i17.40 ) SRF05 Voltage: 5V merely needed Low Current: 4mA Typical Frequency: 40 kilohertz Max Range: 4m Min Range: 1cm Mode1: Single pin for trigger/echo Mode2: 2 Pin SRF04 compatible Input Trigger: 10uS Min. TTL degree pulsation Echo Pulse: Positive TTL signal Size: 43 x 20 ten 17h ( millimeter ) Monetary value: i11.50 ( Inc. VAT i13.80 ) Table.4: comparing between two supersonic detectors Comparing the characteristics of two supersonic detectors, they are all capable to complete this undertaking. But eventually the determination is made to SRF05. And the grounds are listed as followers. Although they portion the equal electromotive force demand, SRF05 merely require much lower current. Therefore, utilizing SRF05 will necessitate smaller power to drive. It is more energy-saving. They both need 40 kilohertzs to drive, which meet the demand of this undertaking. But SRF05 has a scope from 1cm to 4m, which is larger than SRF04, whose scope is 3cm to 3m. For the demand of more accurate and larger-scale sensing, the SRF05 is better for this undertaking. SRF05 has two manners for taking, one is single-pin for both trigger and reverberation, the other one is compatible to SRF04, two-pin for trigger or reverberation. So SRF05 can salvage 1 pin if usage mode1, but besides be used as SRF04 if usage mode2. Harmonizing to the monetary value listed, SRF05 has a lower monetary value than SRF04.4.2 LCD ModuleIn this undertaking, the LCD is used for exposing information of obstructions and environment in environing country. Harmonizing to this, the demand of LCD faculty should be: The LCD faculty is capable to expose numerical values, English alphabets and some measurement units. The LCD screen is large or long plenty to demo full information. The LCD screen should be seen in dark topographic point so it may hold a backlight map. The LCD faculty does hold interface to microcontroller for their transmittal. The LCD faculty is easy to run. The LCD should hold a comparatively inexpensive monetary value. Harmonizing to the demands, here is the determination: VERBOUQUET -ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN LCD MODULE, Here is the specification of this LCD faculty: LCD MODULE, ALPHANUMERIC, 2X16, STN No. of Digits / Alpha: 32 Character Count x Line: 16 tens 2 Character Size: 5.56mm Supply Voltage: 5V Display Mode: Brooding Display Area Width: 64.5mm Display Area Height: 16mm Operating Temperature Range: 0A °C to +50A °C External Depth: 10mm External Length / Height: 44mm External Width: 84mm Active Area Height: 16mm Active Area Width: 64.5mm Background Colour: Yellow Fictional character Height: 4.86mm Character Type: Dot Matrix + Cursor Character Width: 2.96mm Connector Type: B, 1 ten 14 Display Polarization: Brooding Display Technology: STN Font Colour: Green Interface Type: Analogue No. of Colours: 1 No. of Digits / Alpha: 16 No. of Lines: 2 Resolution: 5 x 7 Dots + Cursor Storage Temperature Max: +70A °C Storage Temperature Min: -20A °C Supply Voltage Max: 6V Supply Voltage VDC: 5V Monetary value: i7.06 Table.5: specification of selected LCD faculty4.3 Rotation MotorIn this undertaking, the rotary motion motor should run into there demands: The microcontroller straight controls the rotary motion motor to revolve and make up one's mind the angle value. The rotary motion motor has the shaft to be installed on with supersonic detector. The truth demand to be ensured. The monetary value is non high. Compared to these demands, here are two types of motors: hoofer motor and servo motor. Here is a comparing between these two types utilizing typical theoretical accounts: Stepper motorBipolar 48mm StepperMeasure Angle: 0.9A ° Measure Accuracy: 5 % Keeping Torsion: 4800g-cm / 66.66 oz-in Coil Resistance: 10hm Rated Current: 2.4A Motor Length: 48mm Mounting Plate Size: NEMA-17 Shaft Diameter: 5mm Weight: 362g Number of Leads: 4 Monetary value: i14.55 Servo motorParallax ( Futaba ) Standard ServoHolds any place between 0 and 180 grades 43.1 oz-in torsion at 6 V Accepts four mounting prison guards High preciseness cogwheel made of the POM ( polyacetal ) rosin makes the operation smooth doing no recoil Power Requirements: 4 to 6 VDC Communication: Pulse-width transition Dimensions: 2.2 x 0.8 ten 1.6 in ( 55.8x 19 ten 406 millimeter ) excepting servo horn Operating temp scope: +14 to +144 A °F ( -10 to +50 A °C ) Monetary value: i10.79 Table.6: comparing between typical hoofer motor and servo motor Harmonizing to the comparing, it can be concluded that the servo motor is more appropriate for this undertaking because these grounds: When servo motor receives a pulsation, it can end product a pulsation back to the microcontroller to give feedback, which is good to command the truth of the angle. Its truth can maintain up to 0.001mm, more precise than stepper motor. Servo motor can revolve an angle harmonizing to the pulsation transmitted from microcontroller within several msecs. But stepper motor can merely steps to the needed angle, frequently it will take 200~400 msecs. Servo motor has a lower monetary value than stepper motor. So, the determination is made to the servo motor, in this undertaking, utilize Parallax ( Futaba ) Standard Servo Motor for its standard public presentation and low monetary value.4.4 Temperature SensorThe temperature detector should hold some demands: High truth to do certain of the preciseness of this undertaking. Easy to run. Low monetary value. There are two chief ways to compose the temperature compensation system: parallel and digital. The table.7 below shows the two ways ‘ composing parts needed severally.MethodAmplifierTemperature detectorVariable resistancesADC ( linear digital convertor )Analoguea?sa?sa?sa?sDigitala?sTable.7. Comparison between Two Temperature Technique, a?s Means the Part Is NeededHere is a specific analysis for each type of temperature detector. And both the two types use typical devices to exemplify. Analogue type uses LM35DZ as illustration and digital type uses DS18B20 as illustration. As shown below.Analogue Temperature SensorTemperature detector Amplifier Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.3: Block Diagram of Analogue Temperature Sensing SystemAs shown in figure.3, the temperature detector LM35DZ can be used in broad temperature scope -40 to 100 grade Celsius. It has an end product electromotive force which is linearly relative to the Celsius and has precise built-in standardization so that there is no demand to put any external standardization to offer typical truths of A ±0.25a„? at room temperature and A ±0.75a„? over a full temperature scope. As the temperature increases each one grade Celsius, the electromotive force from LM35DZ will increase 10mV. The Op-Amp CA3140 has working temperature scope from -55 to 125 grade Celsius. The operational amplifier is used as non-inverting amplifier. As the temperature increases, the LM35DZ increases 10mV, CA3140 Op-Amp will increase the electromotive force to 5 times.Digital Temperature SensorTemperature detector Microcontroller Liquid crystal displayFigure.4: Block Diagram of Digital Temperature Sensing SystemAs it is shown in figure.4, temperature detector choose digital temperature detector DS18B20 which has feeling truth at A ±0.5a„? and besides a broad temperature feeling scope from -55a„? to 125a„? , supply electromotive force is at a scope 3V to 5.5V, besides the declaration spots is 12 spots. The nucleus map of DS18B20 is its direct to digital temperature detector. The declaration of the temperature detector is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11 or 12 spots, matching to increases of 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.0625a„? severally. Compared parallel feeling system with digital detection system, shown in table.8 as followers:Analogue detection systemDigital detection systemTemperature detectorLM35DZ DS18B20Temperature scope-40a„? ~ 100a„? -55a„? ~ 125a„?AccuracyA ±0.25a„? at room temperature A ±0.75a„? over all the scope A ±0.5a„?Need for ADCYes NoResolution spots10 12CostingSensor + Op-amp + variable resistors=i4.47 Merely sensor=i3.27Table.8: Comparison between Analogue and Digital Sensing SystemIn the table.8, the costing values are all based on the values and monetary values shown at Farnell website. Analogue detector LM35DZ, Op-Amp CA3140, variable resistances and digital detector DS18B20 are i1.29, i1.67, i1.51 and i3.27 severally. Conclude the information given by the table.8, a simple and natural decision can be given that digital detector DS18B20 is somewhat or unusually superior to the parallel one.4.5 MicrocontrollerThe microcontroller is the cardinal bosom of the whole undertaking system, but there are many types of microcontroller. And here are the two chief types which are used most widely: PIC micro chip and Maxim 8051 household. Here is the specific comparing between these two types, here use PIC 16f87 series as illustration: PIC micro chip ( 16f87 series ) Harvard architecture High public presentation RISC CPU All individual rhythm instructions except for plan Operating velocity: DC – 20 MHz clock input Up to 8K tens 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Pinout compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77 Interrupt capableness ( up to 14 beginnings ) Power-on Reset ( POR ) Power-up Timer ( PWRT ) and Oscillator Start-up Timer ( OST ) Watchdog Timer ( WDT ) with its ain on-chip RC Programmable codification protection Power salvaging sleep manner Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debugging via two pins Processor read/write entree to plan memory Low-power ingestion: Monetary value: i5.38 Maxim 8051 household Harvard architecture Core Size: 8bit RAM Memory Size: 256Byte CPU Speed: 25MHz Oscillator Type: External Merely No. of Timers: 3 Supply Voltage Range: 4.5V to 5.5V Operating Temperature Scope: -40A °C to +85A °C Clock Frequency: 25MHz Interface Type: UART Memory Size: 256Byte Memory Type: Random-access memory No. of Spots: 8 RAM Size: 256Byte Supply Voltage Max: 5.5V Supply Voltage Min: 4.5V Termination Type: Through Hole Monetary value: i8.56 Table.9: comparing between two types of microcontroller By comparing the two typical devices of each type, both two types can do the undertaking successful, but the determination is made to PIC 16f87 household because these grounds listed below: The PIC 16f87 series are more popular than Maxim 8051 series in UK. The MPLAB package is compatible to PIC micro chips and utilize it can assist to imitate the assembly linguistic communication map and detect the registry and map codifications state of affairs. The PIC 16f87 series has lower monetary value than Maxim 8051 series. PIC 16f87 series includes 16F873, 16F874, 16F876, 16F877. Here is the pin diagram of them: Figure.5: PIC16F87 series Here is comparison among these 4 theoretical accounts in PIC 16f87 series:Key FeaturesPIC16F873PIC16F874PIC16F876PIC16F877Operating FrequencyDC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 Megahertz DC – 20 MegahertzRESETS ( and Delays )POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST ) POR, BOR ( PWRT, OST )FLASH Program Memory ( 14-bit words )4K 4K 8K 8KData Memory ( bytes )192 192 368 368EEPROM Data Memory128 128 256 256Interrupts13 14 13 14I/O PortsPorts A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, E Ports A, B, C Ports A, B, C, D, ETimers3 3 3 3Capture/Compare/PWM Modules2 2 2 2Consecutive CommunicationssMSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USART MSSP, USARTParallel Communications–PSP–PSP10-bit Analogue-to-Digital Faculty5 input channels 8 input channels 5 input channels 8 input channelsDirection Set35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions 35 instructions Table.10: comparing among 16f87 series For this design, 33 I/O pins are required because of the other devices ‘ pin Numberss, sing the job of monetary value and size of bit, the concluding determination is made to PIC 16F877.5 Circuit Introduction5.1 Undertaking System CircuitBlock diagram Here is the block diagram for this undertaking. Figure.6: block diagram for the undertaking The undertaking system includes LCD, supersonic detector, temperature detector, servo motor, connection to computing machine and one microcontroller PIC 16F877. The LCD and connection to computing machine are end products for the system, the temperature detector and servo motor transmit informations and signal between microcontroller and themselves. The supersonic detector sender is for conveying supersonic moving ridges and the supersonic detector receiving system is for having echo moving ridges. Here use 9V battery and one regulator to give the undertaking power beginning 5V. Circuit diagram Figure.7: circuit diagram for the undertaking system Here is the circuit diagram designed by package Protues. PCB design Here is the PCB design designed by PCB Express. Show in Figure.8 and Figure.9. Figure.8: PCB design manner Figure.9: PCB design Real World Mode Real Picture Figure.10: existent image5.1 power supplyIn this undertaking, all the devices are based on 5V power supply. However, most common batteries do non back up this electromotive force value. So use 9V battery and electromotive force regulator to give a 5V electromotive force beginning. Besides, here can add a switch to command the whole system to turn on or turn off. Because it is needed to give a 5V beginning, so the electromotive force regulator determination is made to LM7805. Here is the diagram for the power supply. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.11 schematic for power supply faculty5.2 Ultrasonic Sensor ModuleThe supersonic detector faculty has two manners to take. Mode 1: 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode This manner uses separate trigger and reverberation pins, and is the simplest manner to utilize. All codification illustrations for the SRF04 will work for the SRF05 in this manner. To utilize this manner, merely go forth the manner pin unconnected – the SRF05 has an internal pull up resistance on this pin. Figure.12: connexions for 2-pin Trigger/Echo Mode In this manner, the timing diagram is: Small hold Figure.13: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 1 Here, the SRF05 includes a little hold before the reverberation pulsation to give slower accountants such as the Basic Stamp and Picaxe clip to put to death their pulsation in bids. Mode 2: Single pin for both Trigger and Echo This manner uses a individual pin for both Trigger and Echo signals, and is designed to salvage valuable pins on embedded accountants. To utilize this manner, connect the manner pin to the 0v Ground pin. The echo signal will look on the same pin as the trigger signal. The SRF05 will non raise the echo line until 700uS after the terminal of the trigger signal. You have that long to turn the trigger pin around and do it an input and to hold your pulsation mensurating codification ready. The PULSIN bid found on many popular accountants does this automatically. Figure.14: connexion for individual pin trigger/echo manner In this manner, the timing diagram is: Figure.15: SRF05 clocking diagram for manner 2 In this undertaking, for there are 33 I/O pins for usage, there is no demand to utilize manner 2, so here use Mode 1 which is compatible to SRF04. So here is the conventional for supersonic detector. c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.16: conventional for supersonic detector faculty5.3 LCD facultyThe Alphanumeric point Matrix LCD is the end product device of the undertaking system, which is used for exposing the direction and information to user. Here is the mention image of the LCD faculty: And here is the LCD ‘s pin connexion:Pin figurePin symbolFunction1Volt Land2Vdd Power supply3Vo Contrast adjust4R/S Register Selection ( H: Data, L: Direction )5R/ Read/Write Selection ( H: Read, L: Write )6Tocopherol Enable Signal7~14DB0~DB7 Data coach lines15A Power supply for LED B.L. ( + )16K Power supply for LED B.L. ( – ) Table.11: LCD pin connexions Pin 3 is the contrast adjust for LCD, it should link 0-5V electromotive force depend on what brightness is required. Here use a potentiometer to set the electromotive force. Pin 4 is an input pin for LCD faculty ; it is used as to command informations conveying or direction transmission. When it is connected to high electromotive force, any input information is regarded as informations, and low degree electromotive force is matching direction. Pin 6 is an input pin for LCD faculty every bit good ; the LCD faculty ca n't place any informations of direction until Pulse the E line being high. Pin7- Pin14 are Data Bus lines, they can convey informations or instructions. In this undertaking, PORTB0~B7 are connected to informations coach lines DB0~DB7. And the three map control pins RS, R/ and E are connected to RA0~RA2. The A and K temporarily blank but can be connected in possible use when backlight is needed. Therefore, here is the conventional for LCD faculty: c†Ã‚ µe ·?a†º?aˆ‚ Figure.17: conventional for LCD faculty5.4 temperature detector facultyIn this undertaking, the temperature detector is DS18B20. Figure.18: DS18B20 pin diagram Here is the pin diagram for this temperature detector, the pin 1 is connected to land, and pin 2 is the information line, pin 3 is connected to the power beginning.5.4 Connection to ComputerBlock diagram figure.11: block diagram for connection to computing machine